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principles of, under Modern Synthesis, 83

as requisite for life, 116

evolutionary computation. See genetic algorithms

evolutionary developmental biology. See Evo-Devo

evolution of cooperation, 212–220

effect of norms and metanorms on, 218–219, 223–224

effect of spatial structure on, 219–220, 223

as example of common principles in complex systems, 294

general conditions for, 217–221

exploration and exploitation, balance between, 184, 195, 294

expression (of genes), 92, 278

Farmer, Doyne, 94, 293

Feigenbaum, Mitchell, 28, 35–38

Feigenbaum-Coullet-Tressor theory, 38

Feigenbaum’s constant, 35–38

finches, beaks of, 76, 289

fine-grained exploration 182–183

Fisher, Ronald, 82–83, 128

Flood, Merrill, 213

food webs, 251–252

Forrest, Stephanie, 94

“fourth law” of thermodynamics, 286

fractal, 103–106

dimension, 107–109, 264–265

networks, 266–267, 294–295

relation to power laws, 264–265, 268–269

space-filling, 266

fractal dimension, 107–109, 264–265

fraction of carrying capacity, 27

Franks, Nigel, 3–4

Fredkin, Edward, 159

Freud, Sigmund, 74

GA. See genetic algorithm

Gabor, Denis, 46, 125

Galan, Jose Manuel, 223

Galápagos Islands, 76, 280

Galileo, 17–19

Galton, Francis, 82

Game of Life, 149–151, 156

simulating a universal computer in, 150–151

Gaussian (or normal) distribution, 243–244, 269

Gehring, Walter, 281

Gell-Mann, Murray, 41, 98–99, 151

general relativity, 210

general system theory, 297–298

genes

alternative splicing in, 275

definition of, 89–90

difficulty with definition of, 95, 274–277

expression of, 92, 278

for controlling beak size and shape in birds, 280

for development of eyes, 280–281

jumping, 275

master, 278–281

nonlinearity of, 276–277

random Boolean networks as models of, 282–287

regulation of (see genetic regulatory networks)

RNA editing of, 275

status of patents on, 277

switches for, 278–280

transcription of, 90–91

translation of, 91–92

genetic algorithms

applications of, 129–130, 142

balancing exploration and exploitation in, 184

evolving cellular automata with, 160, 162–164

evolving Prisoner’s dilemma strategies with, 217–218

as example of idea model, 211

origin of, 128

recipe for, 128–129

Robby the Robot as illustration of, 130–142

genetic code, 89–90, 93

genetic drift, 82–83

genetic engineering, 277

genetic regulatory networks, 229, 248–249, 275–281

genetic switches in, 278–280

as modeled by random Boolean networks, 282–287

noise in, 249

genetics

basics of, 88–93

implications of Evo-Devo on, 277–281

new ideas about, 274–277

population, 82

See also genes;

genetic code;

genetic regulatory networks;

genetic switches

genetic switches, 278–280

Gershenson, Carlos, 299

Gide, André, 303

Gladwell, Malcolm, 253

Glance, Natalie, 223

Gleick, James, 302

glycolysis, 179, 249

Gödel, Escher Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid (Douglas Hofstadter), ix, 5, 121, 189

Gödel, Kurt, 59–60, 68–70

Gödel’s theorem, 59–60

Google, 236, 239–240. 244–245

Gordon, Deborah, 177, 293–295

Gould, Stephen Jay, 84–87, 278

Grand Unified Theories (GUTs), 292–293

Grassberger, Peter, 102

gravity, universal law of, 19, 209–210, 269

Haken, Hermann, 298

Haldane, J.B.S., 82

Halting problem, 66–67

solvability by nondigital computers, 158

Turing’s solution to, 67–68, 121

Hardin, Garrett, 214

Heisenberg, Werner, 20

heredity

chromosomes as carriers of, 89

Mendel’s results on, 79–81

See also inheritance

hierarchy (as a measure of complexity), 109–111

Highly Optimized Tolerance (HOT), 257, 269

Hilbert, David, 57–60, 68

Hilbert’s problems 57–59

historical contingency, 85–86

H.M.S. Beagle, 75–76

Hobbes, Thomas, 215, 221

Hoelzer, Guy, 287

Hofstadter, Douglas, ix, xi, 5, 92–93, 121, 189–193, 195, 208.

Holland, John, 127–128, 184, 221, 294

Holley, Robert, 93

Horgan, John, 291–292, 294