Complexity_ A Guided Tour - Melanie Mitchell [178]
Horvitz, Eric, 187
Hraber, Peter, 160
Huberman, Bernardo, 223
Hübler, Alfred, 94
hubs (network), 236, 240, 245, 248, 250, 252
Human Genome Project, 96, 276
Hungarian phenomenon, 125
Huxley, Thomas, 78, 128
idea models, 38–39, 211–212, 214, 220–222
immune system, 6, 8–9, 172–176
analogy with Copycat, 207–208
artificial, 184
information processing (or computation) in, 56, 172–176, 179–185, 195–196
in-degree, 240–241
distribution in Web, 245
in random Boolean networks, 283–284
infinite loop, 66
infinite loop detector, 66
information
acquisition of meaning in complex systems, 184, 208
bit of, 45
as central topic in cybernetics, 296
in cellular automata, 171–172
in cellular automaton particles, 165–168
in complex systems, 40–41, 146, 157–158, 179–185
content, 52–54, 96–97, 99, 102 (see also algorithmic information content)
dual use of in self-replication, 121–122
flow in networks, 236, 239, 248, 255–257
ontological status of, 169
role in explaining Zipf’s law, 271
Shannon, 51–55, 57, 169
in solution to Maxwell’s demon paradox, 45–47
statistical representations of, 179–180, 300
in traditional computers, 170–180
information processing
as giving rise to meaning and purpose, 184, 296
in ant colonies, 176–178, 179–185
in biological metabolism, 178–185
in the brain, 248
in cellular automata, 157–158, 161, 164–168, 171–172, 303
common principles of, 295
in the immune system, 172–176,
in genetic regulatory networks, 276
as a level of description in biology, 208
in markets, 10
in natural systems, xi, 56–57, 145–146, 156–158, 169–170, 172, 179–185
in traditional computers, 170–171
See also computation; information
information theory, 45, 47, 52, 55
in definitions of complexity, 96–100
in explaining Zipf’s law, 271
inheritance
blending, 81
ideas about medium of, 80
Lamarckian, 73–74
Mendelian, 81–82, 89
modern views of, 274–277
inheritance of acquired characteristics, 73–74
Mendel’s disconfirmation of, 79
in-links, 240–244
in random Boolean networks, 283
insect colonies. See ant colonies
Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), 69, 124–126, 151–152
instruction pointer, 118
intuition pumps, 211
invisible hand, 10, 72, 76
irreversibility, 43
Izquierdo, Luis, 223
Joy, Bill, 124
jumping genes, 275
junk DNA, 96, 99, 278, 280
Kadanoff, Leo, 37
Kauffman, Stuart, 249, 281–282, 284–287
Keller, Evelyn Fox, 254
Kemeny, John, 125
Kepler, Johannes, 17–19
Kepler’s laws, 19
Kevin Bacon game, 238
Kimura, Motoo, 86
kinematics, 19
Kleiber, Max, 260
Kleiber’s law, 260–261
in critiques of metabolic scaling theory, 268
as explained by metabolic scaling theory, 264
Kleinfeld, Judith, 228
Koch curve, 103–108, 264–265
as example of idea model, 211
fractal dimension of, 107–108, 264
Korana, Har Gobind, 93
Kurzweil, Ray 123
Lamarck, Jean-Baptist, 72–74
Lamarckian inheritance, 73–74
Mendel’s disconfirmation of, 79
Landauer, Rolf, 47
Langton, Chris, 143
Laplace, Pierre Simon, 19–20, 33, 68
Lax, Peter, 125
Leclerk de Buffon, 72
Leibniz, Gottfried, 56, 59, 61, 68
Lendaris, George, 227
life
artificial, 115–116, 292, 298
autopoiesis as key feature for, 298
as counterexample to second law of thermodynamics, 71
expanded notions of, 300
Game of (see Game of Life)
requisites for, 116
tape of, 86
linearity, 22–25
versus nonlinearity of genes, 276–277
linear system. See linearity
Lipson, Hod, 124
Lloyd, Seth, 95–96, 100–101
Locke, John, 3
logical depth, 100–101
Logic of Computers group, 127
logistic map, 27–33
bifurcation diagram for, 34
as example of idea model, 211
logistic model, 25–27
as example of idea model, 211
log-log plot, 261
Lohn, Jason, 142
Long Term Capital Management, 256–257
Lorenz, Edward, 22
Lovelock, James, 113
Lyell, Charles, 76–78
lymphocytes, 8–9, 172–176, 180–183. See also B cells; T cells