Covering_ The Hidden Assault on American Civil Rights - Kenji Yoshino [103]
5 “Another night two policemen came” Judy Grahn, “An Underground Bar,” in Another Mother Tongue: Gay Words, Gay Worlds (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), p. 32.
6 Yet just as the years See George Chauncey, Gay New York (New York: Basic Books, 1994); D’Emilio, Sexual Politics; Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991).
7 This world sustained bars See ibid., pp. 29, 287 n. 3.
8 Edward Sagarin Donald Webster Cory, The Homosexual in America: A Subjective Approach (New York: Greenberg, 1951).
9 One of the five founders of Mattachine The Mattachine Society was founded by Harry Hay, Bob Hull, Dale Jennings, Chuck Rowland, and Rudi Gernreich (“R.”). Konrad Stevens and John Gruber are often considered founders as well. Katz, Gay American History, p. 414. Historian John D’Emilio is among those who refer to Gernreich as “R.” D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, p. 62.
10 The Mattachine Society took its name See Harry Hay, “The Homosexual and History … an Invitation to Further Study,” in Radically Gay: Gay Liberation in the Words of Its Founder, ed. Will Roscoe (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), pp. 92, 112.
11 Its publication, One “A mystic bond of brotherhood makes all men one,” One 1 (1953), p. 1, quoting Thomas Carlyle.
12 The Daughters of Bilitis See Ladder 1 (1956), pp. 2–3.
13 But when my father claimed me “This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine,” William Shakespeare, The Tempest, 5.1.275–76.
14 In the midst of winter “In the midst of winter, I at last discovered that there was in me an invincible summer.” Albert Camus, “Return to Tipasa,” in The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays, trans. Justin O’Brien (New York: Knopf, 1969), p. 202.
15 The riots generated John D’Emilio, “Cycles of Change, Questions of Strategy: The Gay and Lesbian Movement After Fifty Years,” in The Politics of Gay Rights, ed. Craig A. Rimmerman, Kenneth Wald, and Clyde Wilcox (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 31, 35.
16 Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney Clendinen and Nagourney, Out for Good, p. 31.
17 Stonewall also birthed new publications Rodger Streitmatter, Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America (Boston: Faber & Faber, 1995), p. 117.
18 As Cindy Patton describes it Cindy Patton, foreword to Lavender Culture, ed. Karla Jay and Allen Young (New York: NYU Press, 1994), pp. ix, xiv.
19 D. A. Miller D. A. Miller, The Novel and the Police (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 206.
20 Bowers was the 1986 case Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
21 Until it was overruled Bowers was overruled by Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003). For a description of how courts interpreted Bowers to foreclose various forms of protection for gays, see Joseph Landau, “Ripple Effect: Sodomy Statutes as Weapons,” New Republic, June 23, 2003, p. 12.
22 As described by his biographer John C. Jeffries Jr., Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (New York: Fordham University Press, 1994), pp. 521–22.
23 Though Powell didn’t know it Ibid., p. 528. Whether Powell knew that Chinnis was gay or not is a source of some contention. See Jeffries, Powell, pp. 521–22. Powell approached Chinnis on several occasions to obtain information about homosexuality, despite the fact that the Hardwick case was assigned to another clerk, Michael Mosman. Mosman was a conservative Mormon from Idaho, married at the time with three children, and a graduate of Brigham Young University Law School. So it is unclear whether Powell, in turning to Chinnis, acted on a sense that Chinnis might be particularly helpful in providing information on homosexuality, or that Mosman was particularly unhelpful. See Joyce Murdoch and Deb Price, Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. the Supreme Court (New York: Basic Books, 2001), pp. 272–74.
24 In their discussion Powell reportedly told Chinnis that “I don’t believe I’ve ever met a homosexual.” Murdoch and Price, Courting Justice, p. 273. He reportedly told his colleagues in conference on Hardwick that he had never known