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over Outing,” Newsday, August 9, 1991, p. 17. Michelangelo Signorile, the originator of outing, is profiled in Renée Graham, “The Prince of Outing,” Boston Globe, July 13, 1993, p. 25. Sally Jacobs describes the increasing popularity of outing tactics—such as a history professor’s offer of $10,000 to anyone who successfully outed “a four-star officer serving in the military, a justice on the U.S. Supreme Court, or an American cardinal”—in “ ‘Outing’ Seen as Political Tool,” Boston Globe, April 3, 1993, p. 1. Beth Ann Krier describes the debate about outing among gay activists in “Whose Sex Secret Is It?” Los Angeles Times, March 22, 1990, p. E1. David Tuller describes rumors about the orientation of prominent government and business officials that have prompted journalists to wrestle with the outing issue in “Uproar over Gays Booting Others Out of the Closet,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 12, 1990, p. A9. Articles from the mainstream press that exemplify the furor created by outing are reprinted in Gross, Contested Closets, pp. 219–30.

42 Long viewed as taboo Gross, Contested Closets, pp. 283–303.

43 The pulpit was the gay magazine For example, Michelangelo Signorile characterizes Malcolm Forbes as gay in “The Other Side of Malcolm,” OutWeek, April 18, 1990, p. 40, reprinted in Gross, Contested Closets, p. 285. Signorile also characterizes David Geffen as gay in “Gossip Watch,” OutWeek, December 26, 1990, p. 45, and characterizes Merv Griffin as gay in “Gossip Watch,” OutWeek, July 18, 1990, p. 45, reprinted in Gross, Contested Closets, p. 289.

44 For many gays See, for example, C. Carr, “Why Outing Must Stop,” Village Voice, March 18, 1991, p. 37; Ayofemi Folayan, “Whose Life Is It Anyway?” OutWeek, May 16, 1990, reprinted in Gross, Contested Closets, p. 248; Hunter Madsen, “Tattle Tale Traps,” OutWeek, May 16, 1990, reprinted in Gross, Contested Closets, p. 237.

45 The mainstream press See, for example, “ ‘Outing’ Is Wrong Answer to Anti-Gay Discrimination,” USA Today, March 30, 1992, p. 12A; Mike Royko, “Antsy Closet Crowd Should Think Twice,” Chicago Tribune, April 2, 1990, p. 3.

46 OutWeek closed its doors See James Cox, “ ‘OutWeek’ Magazine Goes Out of Business,” USA Today, July 1, 1991, p. 2B.

47 The norm moved back Frank argued, “There is a right to privacy, but not hypocrisy. If politicians are gay or lesbian, and then use that against other people, they have forfeited their right to privacy. I resented very much that there were gay Republicans using gayness as an accusation.” Dirk Johnson, “Privacy vs. the Pursuit of Gay Rights,” New York Times, March 27, 1990, p. A21.

48 The military used to be governed Enlisted Administrative Separations, Department of Defense Directive 1332.14, 47 Fed. Reg. 10,162, 10,178 (March 9, 1982).

49 Under “Don’t ask, don’t tell” U.S. Code 10 (1994), § 654(b)(1).

50 Or we could go further Janet E. Halley, Don’t: A Reader’s Guide to the Military’s Anti-Gay Policy (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), p. 1.

51 While her contention A 1998 report to the secretary of defense notes that “although the trend from the early 1980s to the early 1990s reflected gradually decreasing numbers and rates of discharges, culminating in a historic low in Fiscal Year 1994, both the number and rate of discharges for homosexual conduct have increased each year since that time.” Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Pers. & Readiness), Report to the Secretary of Defense: Review of the Effectiveness of the Application and Enforcement of the Department’s Policy on Homosexual Conduct in the Military (1998), http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/rpt040798.html. The number of service members discharged for homosexuality in 1998 was double the number dismissed in 1993, when the policy was developed. Eric Schmitt, “Close Quarters: How Is This Strategy Working? Don’t Ask,” New York Times, December 19, 1999, sec. 4, p. 1. But the number of service members discharged for homosexuality has dropped significantly since fighting began in Afghanistan and Iraq, and “gay discharge numbers have dropped every time