Covering_ The Hidden Assault on American Civil Rights - Kenji Yoshino [107]
16 As Goffman observes Goffman, Stigma, p. 108.
17 “I like to see it Lap the Miles” Emily Dickinson, “I like to see it Lap the Miles,” The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson, ed. Thomas H. Johnson (1960; New York: Back Boy Books, 1976), p. 286.
18 “the experience of repetition as Death” Adrienne Rich, “A Valediction Forbidding Mourning,” The Fact of a Doorframe (1984; New York, W. W. Norton, 1994), pp. 136–37.
19 Historically, the practice of alluding “Men commonly described one gay man’s efforts to drop hints to another man that he was gay, often in an effort to determine whether the second man was also, as ‘dropping [hair] pins.’ ” Chauncey, Gay New York, p. 289. Armistead Maupin depicts a fictional conversation in which one gay man asks another, “Did he drop any hairpins?” to allude to this practice. Armistead Maupin, Sure of You (New York: HarperCollins, 1989), p. 109.
20 I have come to Boston Kristin Eliasberg, “Making a Case for the Right to Be Different,” New York Times, June 16, 2001, p. B11.
21 homosexuality in Japan For English-language discussions of the history of same-sex sexuality in Japan, see generally Gary P. Leupp, Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire.
22 In his widely sold 1687 book Ihara Saikaku, The Great Mirror of Male Love, trans. Paul Gordon Schalow (1687; Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 53.
23 The first gay pride march “Asia’s trailblazer is Japan which held its first Gay Pride Parade on August 28, 1994, when 1,500 marchers walked the three miles from the Shinjuku district, which has about 400 gay bars, to neighboring Shibuya.” “Queer, Asian/Pacific Islander & Proud,” Pride.01, June 2001.
24 In 1997, a Tokyo appellate court “World Datelines,” San Francisco Examiner, September 16, 1997, p. B8. For a discussion of the trial court’s decision, see James D. Wilets, “International Human Rights and Sexual Orientation,” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 18 (1994): 87 nn. 391–92.
25 I went, in James Baldwin’s Richard Goldstein, “ ‘Go the Way Your Blood Beats’: An Interview with James Baldwin,” in Rubenstein, Sexual Orientation and the Law, p. 71.
26 Foucault Bersani, Homos, p. 77, translating an interview by Jean Le Bitoux, “Michel Foucault, le gai savoir,” Mec 5 (June 1988): 35.
27 Along the axis of affiliation Paula L. Ettelbrick attacks marriage as a craven act of covering in “Since When Is Marriage a Path to Liberation?” Out/Look, autumn 1989, p. 8, reprinted in part in William N. Eskridge Jr. and Nan D. Hunter, Sexuality, Gender, and the Law (New York: Foundation Press, 1997), p. 818. Thomas B. Stoddard praises same-sex marriage as a healthy act of covering in “Why Gay People Should Seek the Right to Marry,” Out/Look, autumn 1989, p. 8, reprinted in part in Eskridge and Hunter, Sexuality.
28 Along the axes of appearance For instance, Robin Shahar was fired from the Georgia attorney general’s office for flaunting her homosexuality by engaging in a same-sex commitment ceremony. See Shahar v. Bowers, 114 F.3d 1097 (11th Cir. 1997).
29 As Goffman observes Goffman, Stigma, p. 102.
30 I know of only one legal context In a sexual-orientation-based asylum case an applicant was denied asylum because “his appearance, his dress, his manner, his demeanor, his gestures, his voice” were not “gay enough.” Fadi Hanna discusses this decision and criticizes the judge’s decision to “reward those who ‘reverse cover,’ or act more visibly ‘gay’ ” with a grant of asylum in “Punishing Masculinity in Gay Asylum Claims,” Yale Law Journal 114 (January 2005): 913–14.
31 Robin Shahar Unless otherwise specified, facts regarding the Shahar case are drawn from the author’s interview with Robin Shahar, conducted on June 11, 2002.
32 Shahar lost all her claims Shahar v. Bowers, 836 F. Supp. 859 (N.D. Ga. 1993); Shahar v. Bowers, 70 F.3d 1218 (11th Cir. 1995).
33 At this point, a majority Shahar v. Bowers, 78 F.3d 499 (11th Cir. 1996).
34 This twelve-member