Covering_ The Hidden Assault on American Civil Rights - Kenji Yoshino [112]
12 More generally, negative epithets For a discussion of this phenomenon in the African-American community, see Peller, “Notes Toward a Postmodern Nationalism”; Edgar, “Black and Blue.” For a discussion of this phenomenon in the Asian-American community, see Liu, The Accidental Asian, p. 34.
13 The mind-set through which See, for example, Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), pp. 63–100; Frances E. Olsen, “The Family and the Market: A Study of Ideology and Legal Reform,” Harvard Law Review 96 (May 1983): 1497–1578; Barbara Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820–1860,” American Quarterly 18 (summer 1966): 151–74.
14 “I have no hesitation in saying” Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence (1835; New York: HarperCollins, 1969), p. 603.
15 In 1872, the Supreme Court Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. 130 (1872).
16 Concurring in that judgment Ibid., p. 141 (Bradley, J., concurring).
17 In the 1973 opinion Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677, 684 (1973).
18 Grooming manuals See, for example, Susan Bixler and Nancy Nix-Rice, The New Professional Image: From Business Casual to the Ultimate Power Look (Avon, Mass.: Adams Media Corp., 1997); Sherry Maysonave, Casual Power: How to Power Up Your Nonverbal Communication and Dress Down for Success (Austin: Bright Books, 1999); John T. Molloy, New Women’s Dress for Success (New York: Warner Books, 1996); Victoria A. Seitz, Your Executive Image: The Art of Self-Packaging for Men and Women (Avon, Mass.: Adams Media Corp., 1992).
19 They instruct women Victoria Seitz writes, “Avoid pastels. Pastels are perceived as weak, extremely feminine, and not really business oriented.” Seitz, Your Executive Image, p. 63. Sherry Maysonave cautions, “Wearing sweet prints, especially small floral designs, in the workplace conveys that you have little-girl attitudes or that you are uncomfortable asserting yourself in a competitive business setting.” Maysonave, Casual Power, p. 39. Susan Bixler and Nancy Nix-Rice instruct, “Avoid floral prints or pictures of animals, scenes, or the like.” Bixler and Nix-Rice, The New Professional Image, p. 153. On makeup, John Molloy writes, “All women should wear lipstick. We are so used to seeing women with lipstick that a woman without lipstick usually looks washed out.” Molloy, New Women’s Dress for Success, p. 202. Maysonave argues, “To exude casual power, women must wear makeup.” Maysonave, Casual Power, p. 184. Bixler and Nix-Rice insist, “There is no such thing as a woman who doesn’t look better with makeup. Makeup conceals flaws, accents attractive features, creates a creamy, polished look, and should be worn by every businesswoman every day.” Bixler and Nix-Rice, The New Professional Image, p. 115.
20 They recommend shoulder pads Sherry Maysonave writes, “Shoulder pads are necessary to add power to a woman’s physique, but not Shoulder Pads on Steroids! Avoid the huge extended pads of the ’80s.” Maysonave, Casual Power, p. 118. Victoria Seitz argues, “Earrings are a must, to give shine to a woman’s face,” but she cautions to “stay away from dangling earrings, multiple rings, and noisy bracelets.” Seitz, Your Executive Image, p. 91. Maysonave concurs, “Dressed down or up, a woman needs earrings for a completed, polished image.” Maysonave, Casual Power, p. 127. On hairstyle, Susan Bixler and Nancy Nix-Rice write, “Hairstyles convey messages. Excessively long hair says ‘sex goddess’ or ‘little girl.’ Severely short may say ‘masculine,’ unless a woman has an extremely feminine face. Full, tousled, big hair says ‘pageant contestant.’ But a wide range of clean-cut short to shoulder-length styles say ‘businesswoman.’ ” Bixler and Nix-Rice, The New Professional Image, p. 108. Seitz agrees: “Your hairstyle should be a conservative cut that is easy to manage.… The style should not be too short or tailored, or long and overly feminine.” Seitz, Your Executive