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21 She encourages women Gail Evans, Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman: What Men Know About Success That Women Need to Learn (New York: Broadway Books, 2000), p. 8.

22 At the same time Ibid., pp. 119–34.

23 In her book Jean Hollands, Same Game, Different Rules: How to Get Ahead Without Being a Bully Broad, Ice Queen, or “Ms. Understood” (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002), p. 13.

24 She cautions that Ibid., p. 20.

25 Her twenty-five rules Ibid., pp. 6–7.

26 As writer Sylvia Ann Hewlett Sylvia Ann Hewlett, Creating a Life: Professional Women and the Quest for Children (New York: Talk Mirimax Books, 2002), pp. 3, 50.

27 For her, “one pair” Ibid., p. 42.

28 Women who do have children Joan Williams, Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 69–70.

29 Williams adduces the testimony Ibid., p. 69.

30 Williams also quotes Ibid.

31 Sue Shellenbarger, author These columns appear respectively as “How to Look Like a Workaholic While Still Having a Life,” Wall Street Journal, December 28, 1994, p. B1; “Go Mobile and Wreck Your Sense of Balance,” February 22, 1995, p. B1; “Some Top Executives Are Finding a Balance Between Job and Home,” April 23, 1997, p. B1.

32 Sociologist Arlie Hochschild For instance, after having her first child, personnel manager Nina Tanagawa tried to maintain her managerial image by arriving half an hour earlier than her staff in the morning and staying half an hour later at night, as well as reading reports and writing memoranda after her child was in bed. Hochschild, The Second Shift, p. 80. Hochschild also describes her own attempt to build up stores of goodwill before having a child: “Before having David, I saw students all the time, took every committee assignment, worked evenings and nights writing articles, and had in this way accumulated a certain amount of departmental tolerance.” Ibid., p. viii. Hochschild discusses women’s choice not to display photographs of their children in a later book, The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), pp. 85–88.

33 Hochschild’s study of a major Hochschild, The Time Bind, pp. 85–86.

34 As one female manager put it Ibid., p. 87.

35 Sociologist Cynthia Epstein describes Epstein et al., “Glass Ceilings and Open Doors,” p. 425.

36 Hochschild discusses how men Hochschild discusses the “mother identity” in The Second Shift, p. 92. The mortgage comment appears in The Time Bind, p. 107.

37 In her study of women lawyers Rhode, The Unfinished Agenda, p. 18.

38 As law professor Susan Estrich Lynda Gorov, “Marcia’s Makeover—Oh the Injustice of It All: Women Lawyers Bemoan Clark’s Softer Look,” Boston Globe, October 12, 1994, p. 69.

39 In 1982, when seven Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 233 (1989) (plurality opinion).

40 Of the nominees Ibid., pp. 233–34.

41 When the partners refused Hopkins v. Price Waterhouse, 618 F. Supp. 1109 (D.D.C. 1985).

42 The partners in her office Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. at 234.

43 At trial, one State Department Ibid.

44 One partner advised her Ann Branigar Hopkins, So Ordered: Making Partner the Hard Way (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996), p. 148.

45 Another suggested Hopkins Ibid., p. 202.

46 Others described Hopkins Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. at 235. 155 Still others complained of Hopkins, So Ordered, p. 209.

47 Previous female candidates Ibid., p. xiii.

48 When Hopkins first perceived Ibid., p.139.

49 Only one partner Ibid., p. 221.

50 As the trial judge observed Hopkins v. Price Waterhouse, 618 F. Supp. at 1117.

51 An expert witness for Hopkins Hopkins, So Ordered, p. 236.

52 Fiske first explained stereotyping Ibid., p. 234.

53 Fiske maintained that because Ibid., p. 236.

54 In 1989, six justices Justice Brennan’s plurality opinion was joined by Justices Marshall, Blackmun, and Stevens. Justices White and O’Connor each wrote a concurring opinion. Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. at 228.

55 This opinion first articulated Ibid., p. 251.