• Choose a category
• All
• Classic-Fiction

43 In a 2003 case Freeman v. State, 2003 WL 21338619 (Fla. Cir. Ct. June 6, 2003).

44 In the fall of 2003 See “Muslim Girl Can Wear Head Scarf to School,” Associated Press, May 20, 2004; Curt Anderson, “Muslim Girl in Oklahoma Can Wear Head Scarf to School Under Federal Settlement,” Contra Costa Times, May 20, 2004, p. 4.

45 France and some German states On February 10, 2004, the French National Assembly voted 494 to 36 to ban the wearing of an Islamic head scarf, or any other conspicuous religious symbol, within French public schools. The legislation reads: “Dans les écoles, les collèges et les lycées publics, le port de signes ou tenues par lesquels les élèves manifestent ostensiblement une appartenance religieuse est interdit. Le règlement intérieur rappelle que la mise en oeuvre d’une procédure disciplinaire est précédée d’un dialogue avec l’élève.” Assembleé Nationale, Douzième Législature, Projet de Loi Encadrant, en Application du Principe de Laïcité, le Port de Signes ou de Tenues Manifestant une Appartenance Religieuse dans les Écoles, Collèges et Lycées Publics, No. 253 (2004). On September 24, 2003, the German Constitutional Court held that an Afghani-born German citizen could not be denied a teaching position in the public schools because she wore a head scarf; the court also held that Germany’s sixteen states could each decide whether to ban head scarves. Kopftuch-Urteil [Head Scarf Decision], 2 BvR 1436/02 (BVerfGE Sept. 24, 2003). On subsequent state legislation see Bertrand Benoit, “Germans Wake Up to the Call of the Muezzin,” Financial Times, November 4, 2003, p. 9; Jon Henley, “Europe Faces Up to Islam and the Veil: Muslims Claim Discrimination in Legal Battles over Religious Symbol,” Guardian, February 4, 2004, p. 15.

46 The 1994 instruction François Bayrou, Circulaire no. 1649 du 20 Septembre 1994, available at http://www.assemblee-nat.fr/12/dossiers/documents-laicite/document-3.pdf.

47 Proponents of the ban For a discussion of this position, see Jane Kramer, “Taking the Veil: How France’s Public Schools Became the Battleground in a Culture War,” New Yorker, November 22, 2004, p. 60.

48 Opponents of the law See Elaine Sciolino, “Ban on Head Scarves Takes Effect in a United France,” New York Times, September 3, 2004, p. A8.

49 Proponents of the French prohibition See “Scarf Wars: Banning the Muslim Headscarf in Schools,” Economist, December 13, 2003, p. 47.

50 Brennan dryly observed McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279, 339 (1987) (Brennan, J., dissenting).

51 Based in part on our Race Relations Act, 1965, c. 73.

52 Under the 1976 version Race Relations Act, 1976, c. 74.

53 In a 1983 case Mandla v. Dowell Lee, [1983] 2 A.C. 548.

54 As Lord Fraser stated Ibid., pp. 565–66.

55 In 2003, amendments Race Relations Act 1976 (Amendment) Regulations, 2003. Under the new regulations, any provision, criterion, or practice that puts members of one racial or ethnic group at a disadvantage and cannot be shown to be a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim is unlawful discrimination. The amended regulations can be found at http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2003/20031626.htm.

56 The House of Lords similarly Sex Discrimination Act, 1975, c. 65.

57 In 1978, women challenged Price v. Civil Service Commission, [1978] 1 All E.R. 1228. 182 The court rejected this Ibid., p. 1231.

58 Justice has been blindfolded On the iconography of Justice, see Dennis E. Curtis and Judith Resnik, “Images of Justice,” Yale Law Journal 96 (July 1987), p. 1742 n. 39.

THE NEW CIVIL RIGHTS

1 The object-relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self,” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (New York: International Universities Press, 1965), pp. 140–52.

2 The True Self is the self Winnicott, “Mirror-Role of Mother and Family in Child Development,” in Playing and Reality (1971; New York: Routledge, 1989), p. 117.

3 The True Self is associated Winnicott, “Ego Distortion,” p. 148.

4 To