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17 The most famous instance Cynthia Ozick, “What Helen Keller Saw,” New Yorker, June 16 & 23, 2003, p. 196.

18 Jenny Morris notes Jenny Morris, Pride Against Prejudice: Transforming Attitudes to Disability (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1991), p. 36.

19 Others describe pressure Lois Keith, “Encounters with Strangers: The Public’s Responses to Disabled Women and How This Affects Our Sense of Self,” in Encounters with Strangers: Feminism and Disability, ed. Jenny Morris (London: Women’s Press, 1996), p. 81.

20 Irving Zola writes Zola, Missing Pieces, pp. 205–6.

21 Under this model, courts On skin color versus language, compare McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co., 427 U.S. 273 (1976), and Abdulrahim v. Gene B. Glick Co., 612 F. Supp. 256 (N.D. Ind. 1985), with Hernández v. New York, 500 U.S. 352 (1991), and Garcia v. Gloor, 618 F.2d 264 (5th Cir. 1980). On chromosomes versus pregnancy, compare Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), and Los Angeles Department of Water & Power v. Manhart, 435 U.S. 702 (1978), with Geduldig v. Aiello, 417 U.S. 484 (1974), and General Electric Co. v. Gilbert, 429 U.S. 125 (1976). The Supreme Court suggested in the 1996 case of Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996), that discrimination based on sexual orientation alone might violate the Constitution’s equality guarantee. In Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), the Supreme Court also struck down a Texas statute that criminalized same-sex sodomy, but it has not addressed same-sex marriage. Massachusetts is the only state to recognize same-sex marriages. See Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, 798 N.E.2d 941 (Mass. 2003). Vermont recognizes same-sex civil unions. See Baker v. State, 744 A.2d 864 (Vt. 1999). Cases upholding prohibitions on same-sex marriages include Standhardt v. Superior Court, 77 P.3d 451 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2003); Dean v. District of Columbia, 653 A.2d 307 (D.C. 1995); Jones v. Hallahan, 501 S.W.2d 588 (Ky. 1973); Baker v. Nelson, 191 N.W.2d 185 (Minn. 1971); Storrs v. Holcomb, 645 N.Y.S.2d 286 (Sup. Ct. 1996); and Singer v. Hara, 522 P.2d 1187 (Wash. Ct. App. 1974).

22 As Justice O’Connor put it Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872, 893 (1990) (O’Connor, J., concurring in the judgment).

23 The 1972 case Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972).

24 They were prosecuted Ibid., pp. 207–8.

25 The Court, however, found Ibid., p. 220.

26 Accommodation is also a key Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, U.S. Code 42 (2000), §§ 12,101–12,213. The “reasonable accommodation” provision appears at § 12,112(b)(5)(A).

27 Employers can refuse only Ibid., § 12111(10)(A).

28 In a case litigated Fitzgerald v. Green Valley Area Education Agency, 589 F. Supp. 1130 (S.D. Iowa 1984).

29 As law professor Linda Krieger Linda Hamilton Krieger, “Foreword—Backlash Against the ADA: Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Implications for Social Justice Strategies,” Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 21 (2000): 3.

30 In 1986, the Court Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U.S. 503 (1986).

31 In 1990, however Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. at 872.

32 So the Court ingeniously Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471 (1999).

33 But some people with disabilities Jacqueline Vaughn Switzer, Disabled Rights: American Disability Policy and the Fight for Equality (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2003), pp. 156–60.

34 Once it found Sutton’s Sutton, 527 U.S. at 488-89.

35 “The life of the law” Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., The Common Law (1881; Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1991), p. 1.

36 That explosion has raised Schlesinger, The Disuniting of America.

37 Schlesinger argues from Ibid., p. 19.

38 His prescription, made most recently Brubaker, “The Return of Assimilation?”

39 Looking at the United States Ibid., p. 532.

40 The early cases Respectively Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963), and Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972).

41 In the yarmulke case Goldman, 475 U.S. at 512–13.

42