Covering_ The Hidden Assault on American Civil Rights - Kenji Yoshino [96]
6 After discussing passing, Goffman observes Goffman, Stigma, p. 102.
7 Roosevelt was not passing Ibid., p. 21.
8 Through the middle of the twentieth century Jonathan Katz, Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A.; A Documentary (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), pp. 129–207. Methods such as drug therapy and electroshock therapy continue to be used (if rarely) in conversion therapy attempts. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals most recently addressed the practice in Pitcherskaia v. INS, 118 F.3d 641 (9th Cir. 1997).
9 This shift can be seen Policy Concerning Homosexuality in the Armed Forces, U.S. Code 10 (1994), § 654; Qualification Standards for Enlistment, Appointment, and Induction, Department of Defense Directive 1304.2b.
10 The contemporary resistance to gay marriage See, for instance, Pam Belluck, “Massachusetts Plans to Revisit Amendment on Gay Marriage,” New York Times, May 10, 2005, p. A13; Charisse Jones, “Gay-marriage Debate Still Intense a Year Later,” USA Today, May 17, 2005, p. 1A; Brian Virasami, “Coalition Criticizes Ruling Supporting Gay Marriage,” Newsday, February 15, 2005, p. A19.
11 All civil rights groups “Dress White” was the title of a report to African-American executives in Chicago. John T. Molloy, New Dress for Success (New York: Warner Books, 1988), p. 198. Paul Barrett notes the demand to abandon “street talk” for “ ‘proper’ English.” Paul M. Barrett, The Good Black: A True Story of Race in America (New York: Penguin Books, 1999). Frank Wu discusses the tension between assimilation and multiculturalism for Asian-Americans in Yellow (New York: Basic Books, 2002), pp. 234–38. Arlie Russell Hochschild writes about the demands on working women to minimize the needs of their children in The Second Shift (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989). A recent art exhibit organized by the Jewish Museum in New York toured the country under the exhibition title “Too Jewish?” See Norman L. Kleeblatt, ed., Too Jewish? Challenging Traditional Identities (New York: Jewish Museum; New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1996). Especially after 9/11, Muslims have been told to conceal religious emblems and religious dress and to refrain from speaking Arabic in public. See Leslie Goffe, “Not Responsible,” Middle East, November 1, 2001, p. 46. Irving Kenneth Zola writes about how he refused a wheelchair for years to appear normal in Missing Pieces: A Chronicle of Living with a Disability (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982), pp. 205–6.
12 Alan Dershowitz writes Dershowitz attributes the observation to Alan Stone, and admits that it was “probably overstated.” Alan M. Dershowitz, Chutzpah (Boston: Little, Brown, 1991), p. 79. Dershowitz also notes that Felix Frankfurter, the first Jew to become a professor at Harvard Law School, went out of his way to describe himself as “a Harvard Law professor who happened to be a Jew,” and not as “a Jewish professor at the Harvard Law School.” Ibid., p. 79 n. *.
13 As the sociologist Milton Gordon See Milton Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964).
14 To my chagrin Civil Rights Act of 1964 tit. VII, U.S. Code 42 (2000), § 2000e; U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIV. Although the Fourteenth Amendment applies on its face only to the states, it has been understood to apply with equal force to the federal government through the Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause. See Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954).
15 courts will often not protect Speaking a language: Garcia v. Gloor, 618 F.2d 264, 270 (5th Cir. 1980) (see discussion pp. 137–39). Having a child: Piantanida v. Wyman Center, Inc., 116 F.3d 340 (8th Cir.