Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [313]
15 Code Tenn. 1858, secs. 1936, 1938, 1941; 3823, 4824; pp. 396—97, 864.
16 R.I. Stats., 1882, chap. 129, p. 319.
17 Rev. Code Md., 1878, Art. 72, secs. 93, 94, p. 805.
18 Julius Goebel, Jr., and T. Raymond Naughton, Law Enforcement in Colonial New York: A Study in Criminal Procedure (1944), pp. 131—32.
19 See, in general, Vertrees J. Wyckoff, Tobacco Regulation in Colonial Maryland (1936).
20 Stats. at Large, Pa., 1682—1801, Vol. 4 (1897), p. 5 (act of March 20, 1725.)
21 W. W. Hening, Statutes at Large ... of Virginia, Vol. 3, p. 180 (act of 1699).
22 Colonial Laws of New York, Vol. 1 (1894), p. 845 (law of May 19, 1715). Under the act, no “Negro, Indian or Maletto [sic] Slave” could sell Oysters in New York City “any time whatsoever.”
23 Acts, General Court of Mass. Bay, 1675, p. 20. The General Court also prohibited the export of sheeps’ wool (ibid., p. 19).
24 Rev. Code Miss. 1857, p. 584.
25 Rev. Laws R.I., 1857, Title XVI, chap. 96, “Of Free and Common Oyster Fisheries,” chap. 97, “Of Private and Several Oyster Fisheries.”
26 Stats. Minn. 1866, pp. 247—48.
27 Ibid., pp. 268—72.
28 Rev. Code Md., 1878, Art. 72, sec. 73, 78, pp. 800—801.
29 This is the famous phrase used by J. Willard Hurst, in Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth Century United States (1956), as the title of chapter 1, describing the main thrust of the law in the first half of the nineteenth century.
30 Stats. Ohio 1841, chaps. 12, 23, 53, 61.
31 Laws Mass. 1855, chap. 121, pp. 567—68.
32 These examples are taken from: City Charter of the City of Oakland, Cal., also General Municipal Ordinances of said City (1898).
33 Frederick H. Wines, Report on the Defective, Dependent, and Delinquent Classes of the Population of the United States, as Returned at the Tenth Census (June 1, 1880) (1888), pp. 504, 508. Regulatory offenses do not appear as such in this report; they are, no doubt, hidden under the headings “violating city ordinance” (669 prisoners) and “offense not stated” (3,409).
34 Code Iowa 1873, title 24, secs. 4055—62, pp. 633—34.
35 23 U.S. Stats. 31 (act of May 29, 1884).
36 Laws Mich. 1889, p. 331.
37 Laws No. Car. 1889, chap. 374, p. 372.
38 Cong. Rec. 20:1457 (50th Cong., 2d Sess., Feb. 4, 1889).
39 26 Stats. 209 (act of July 2, 1890); for background, see William Letwin, Law and Economic Policy in America: The Evolution of the Sherman Antitrust Act (1965).
40 On the early administration of the law, see Letwin, Law and Economic Policy, pp. 100—137.
41 United States v. Nelson, 52 Fed. 646 (D.C. Minn., 1892); U.S. v. Patter-son, 55 Fed. 605, 59 Fed. 280 (C.C. Mass., 1893).
42 156 U.S. 2 (1895).
43 The case was United States v. Debs, 64 Fed. 724 (C.C.N.D. Ill., 1894).
44 Joel P. Bishop, Commentaries on the Criminal Law (3d ed., 1865), Vol. 1, p. 502.
45 Laws Illinois, 1891, pp. 212—13. The company-store law applied to any “scheme for the furnishing of supplies, tools, clothing, provisions, or groceries” to employees.
46 Laws Kans. 1893, chap. 187.
47 Commonwealth v. Wentworth, 118 Mass. 441 (1875).
48 Joel P. Bishop, Commentaries on the Criminal Law (2d ed., 1858), p. 373.
49 Code of Virginia, 1849, Title 25, chap. 86, sec. 16, 17, p. 399.
50 Ashbrook v. Commonwealth, 64 Ky. (1 Bush) 139 (1866).
51 See, for example, Del. Const. 1897, Art. 12, establishing a state board of health, and local boards of health. See also Barbara G. Rosenkrantz, Public Health and the State: Changing Views in Massachusetts, 1842—1936 (1972).
52 Laws N.J. 1895, p. 262.
53 Laws N.J. 1895, pp. 279, 473.
54 On this issue, see Arnold Paul, Conservative Crisis and the Rule of Law: Attitudes of Bar and Bench, 1887—1895 (1960).
55 In re Jacobs, 98 N.Y. 98 (1885).
56 Johnson v. Goodyear Mining Co., 127 Cal. 4, 59 Pac. 304 ( 1899).
57 Laws Ill. 1893, p. 99.
58 Ritchie v. People, 155 Ill. 98, 40 N.E. 454 (1895).
59 N.J. Rev.