Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [314]
60 Neb. Compiled Stats. 1885, pp. 537, 538.
61 N.H. Rev. Stats. 1851, chap. 127, pp. 240—41.
62 Laws N.J. 1884, p. 221.
63 Neb. General Stats., 1873, chap. 11, sec. 83, p. 738.
64 Rev. Stats. Wyo. 1899, pp. 599—603.
CHAPTER 6. MORALS, MORALITY, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
1 Ohio Stats. 1841 (act of Feb. 17, 1831).
2 Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law (2d ed., 1985), p. 585.
3 Rev. Stats. Maine, 1847, pp. 685—86.
4 Rev. Stats. Ohio, 1890, sec. 7038—1, p. 1734.
5 Ill. Code 1833, p. 199. As we will see, these references to “the public” were significant.
6 On this point, see Hendrik Hartog, “The Public Law of a County Court: Judicial Government in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts,” American Journal of Legal History 20:282, 299—308 (1976).
7 Linda Kealey, “Patterns of Punishment: Massachusetts in the Eighteenth Century,” American Journal of Legal History 30:163, 169 (1986). In Plymouth, however, a number of women were fined for fornication in the same period; see, for example, David T. Konig, ed., Plymouth Court Records 1686—1859, Vol. 4, General Sessions of the Peace, 1782—1827 (1979), p. 37 (Rebecca Keen and Martha Keen, both fined twelve shillings for fornication in 1786.)
8 Edward M. Steel, “Criminality in Jeffersonian America—A Sample,” Crime and Delinquency (1983), p. 154.
9 David J. Bodenhamer, The Pursuit of Justice: Crime and Law in Antebellum Indiana (1986), p. 140.
10 Quoted in Stephen Nissenbaum, Sex, Diet and Debility in Jacksonian America: Sylvester Graham and Health Reform (1980), p. 113.
11 Charles E. Rosenberg, “Sexuality, Class and Role in Nineteenth-Century America,” American Quarterly 25:131 (1973).
12 See Lawrence M. Friedman, The Republic of Choice: Law, Authority and Culture (1990), p. 35. Needless to say, the notions in the text apply mostly to men; women’s self-control was another matter. On this point, see chapter 9.
13 Rosenberg, “Sexuality, Class and Role,” p. 140.
14 Cal. Penal Code, 1872, sec. 266a, for example.
15 Quoted in Allan Keller, Scandalous Lady (1981), p. 178.
16 Rev. Stats. Mich. 1846, chap. 158, sec. 6, p. 681.
17 Collins v. State, 14 Ala. 608 (1848).
18 On this point, see Peter C. Hoffer and N. E. H. Hull, Murdering Mothers: Infanticide in England and New England, 1558—1803 (1984), pp. 50—53.
19 Edwin R. A. Seligman, ed., The Social Evil: With Special Reference to Conditions Existing in the City of New York (2d ed., 1912), pp. 124—25.
20 Rev. Stats. Mich. 1846, chap. 158, sec. 13, p. 682.
21 Anthony Comstock, Traps for the Young (ed., Robert Bremner, 1967), p. 240. The book was originally published in 1883.
22 Commonwealth v. Tarbox, 55 Mass. (1 Cush.) 66 (1848).
23 Quoted in Philip D. Jordan, Frontier Law and Order (1970), p. 46.
24 Idaho Code 1887, sec. 6850, p. 738.
25 Code Ill. 1833, p. 199.
26 Jordan, Frontier Law and Order, pp. 55—57.
27 Henry Chafetz, Play the Devil: A History of Gambling in the United States from 1492 to 1955 (1960), p. 228.
28 James D. McCabe, Jr., Lights and Shadows of New York Life; or the Sights and Sensations of the Great City (1872; reprint ed., 1970), p. 715.
29 Chafetz, Play the Devil, p. 228.
30 McCabe, Lights and Shadows, pp. 715, 716, 730.
31 Jordan, Frontier Law and Order, pp. 40—42.
32 Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of 1821, assembled for the purpose of amending the Constitution of the State of New York (Nathaniel H. Carter and William L. Stone, reporters) (1821), pp. 569—70.
33 Quoted in Joseph Gusfield’s important book on the temperance movement, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (1963), p. 43.
34 Ibid., p. 51.
35 Public Laws Me. 1851, chap. 211, p. 210. This complex act did allow cities and towns to appoint a “suitable person” to sell liquor “for medicinal and mechanical purposes.”
36 See David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868—1900 (1973); on legal aspects of the late nineteenth-century crusade against vice, see Lawrence M. Friedman, “History, Social Policy, and Criminal Justice,” in David J.