Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [315]
37 Paul S. Boyer, Purity in Print: The Vice-Society Movement and Book Censorship in America (1968), p. 7.
38 John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (1988), p. 159.
39 17 Stats. 598 (act of March 3, 1873). On the criminalization of abortion, see chapter 10, below.
40 Hill’s Ann. Laws Oregon, 1887, Vol. 1, p. 949; Laws Ohio 1885, p. 184, passed April 30, 1885.
41 Laws Cal. 1889, chap. 191, p. 223; Laws Cal. 1897, chap. 139, p. 201.
42 McCabe, Lights and Shadows, p. 727.
43 John S. Ezell, Fortune’s Merry Wheel: The Lottery in America (1960); the law was 28 Stats. 963, chap. 191 (act of March 2, 1895). The Supreme Court upheld the statute in the Lottery Case, 188 U.S. 321 (1903), against attack on various constitutional grounds.
44 Frederick H. Wines, Report on the Defective, Dependent, and Delinquent Classes of the Population of the United States, as Returned at the Tenth Census (June 1, 1880) (1888), p. 506.
45 The constitution also prohibited “Lotteries and the sale of lottery tickets” [sec. 3). The Kansas legislature passed a drastic law to carry the constitutional provision into effect, Laws Kans. 1881, chap. 128, p. 233.
46 See Delaware Const. 1897, Art. 13 (local county option on prohibiton); South Dakota Const. 1889, Art. 24 (prohibition); an amendment to the Rhode Island constitution of 1842, Art. 5, adopted in 1886, prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors.
47 Minn. Stats. 1894, sees. 1999, 2002, 2006, 2008.
48 See Ga. Laws 1884—85, p. 121 (Sept. 18, 1885). (One-tenth of voters in any county can petition for an election to determine whether or not the sale of intoxicating liquor should be banned.) Kentucky and Florida were also local option states.
49 Laws Miss. 1872, chaps. 108, 109, 111, 112, 114.
50 Mass. Laws 1880, chap. 239.
51 Gen’l. Laws Tex., 1887, chap. 79, p. 58.
52 On the history of drug laws, see Troy Duster, The Legislation of Morality (1970); David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotics Control (1973).
53 Oakland Tribune, July 2, 1883, p. 3.
54 Idaho Code, 1887, sees. 6830, 6832, pp. 736—37. A Missouri law of 1887 outlawed “opium dens”; the statute also covered “hasheesh.” Laws. Mo. 1887, p. 175.
55 Ord. City of Oakland no. 1214, Oct. 30, 1890, City Charter and General Municipal Ordinances, city of Oakland, 1898, p. 230. In 1887, the Supreme Court of California struck down a Stockton ordinance (In re sic, 73 Cal. 149, 14 Pac 405, [1887]) aimed at opium dens. The court felt that the ordinance conflicted with (general) state law. The Oakland ordinance on the same subject, apparently, was never challenged.
56 Laws Ill. 1897, p. 138.
57 Joseph Gusfield put this idea forward, with regard to temperance and Prohibition, in “Moral Passage: The Symbolic Process of Public Designations of Deviance,” Social Problems 15:175 (1967); and in Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (1963).
58 Friedman, “History, Social Policy, and Criminal Justice,” pp. 203, 231.
59 These figures are from the annual reports of the Secretary of State of Ohio. I am indebted to Steve Johnson for the reference.
60 National Police Gazette, Feb. 21, 1885, p. 7.
61 Lawrence M. Friedman and Robert V. Percival, The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California, 1870—1910 (1981), pp. 144—45.
62 City Charter of the City of Oakland, Cal.; also General Municipal Ordinances (1898), pp. 322, 352.
63 Wines, Delinquent Classes, Census of 1880, p. 506.
64 San Diego Union, Sept. 18, 1891, p. 5.
65 Samuel Walker, A Critical History of Police Reform (1977), p. 25.
66 A similar tale could be told about gambling: crackdowns, arrests, sweeps; and in between, corruption and toleration. See David R. Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld: The Impact of Crime on the Development of the American Police, 1880—1887 (1979), pp. 158—76.
67 Quoted in Ysabel Rennie, The Search for Criminal Man: A Conceptual History of the Dangerous