Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [319]
82 Mennell, Thorns and Thistles, p. 128.
83 125 Ill. 540 18 N.E. 183 (1888).
84 San Francisco Municipal Reports for the Fiscal Year 1888—1889, ending June 30, 1889 (1889), p. 457.
85 Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (1969), p. 120.
86 Laws Ill. 1899, p. 131.
87 Quoted in Mennel, Thorns and Thistles, p. 132.
88 Frederick H. Wines, “American Prisons in the Tenth Census,” in Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the National Prison Association, (1888), pp. 251, 254.
89 Enoch C. Wines, The State of Prisons and of Child-Saving Institutions in the Civilized World (1880), p. 162.
90 Lois A. Buyon and Helen Fay Green, “Calaboose: Small-Town Lockup,” Federal Probation, 54:58 (June 1990).
91 George W. Walling, Recollections of a New York Chief of Police (1887), pp. 388—89.
92 Ibid., p. 390.
93 Ibid., p. 392.
94 Matthew Hale Smith, Sunshine and Shadow in New York (1880), p. 166.
95 Walling, Recollections, pp. 396—98.
96 First Annual Report, Board of Public Charities of North Carolina, Feb. 1870 (1870), p. 43.
97 Hugo Adam Bedau, The Death Penalty in America (1982), pp. 21, 23.
98 The account is taken from the New York Times, April 20, 1878, pp. 1—2.
99 New York Times, April 19, 1878, p. 1.
100 Ibid.
101 Quoted in August Mencken, By the Neck: A Book of Hangings 1942), pp.83—84.
102 Friedman and Percival, Roots of Justice, pp. 304—5.
103 James D. McCabe, Jr., Lights and Shadows of New York Life; or, the Sights and Sensations of the Great City (1872; reprint ed., 1970), pp. 233—34.
104 Quoted in Friedman and Percival, Roots of Justice, pp. 305—6.
105 Bedau, The Death Penalty, p. 15.
106 Quoted in In re Kemmler, 136 U.S. 436 (1890); this case upheld the system of death by electrocution, which had been attacked as unconstitutional (specifically, as cruel and unusual punishment).
107 Laws N.Y. 1888, chap. 489, p. 778.
108 National Police Gazette, April 8, 1899, p. 6.
CHAPTER 8. LAWFUL LAW AND LAWLESS LAW: FORMS OF AMERICAN VIOLENCE
1 Pauline Maier, “Popular Uprisings and Civil Authority in Eighteenth-Century America,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d series, 27:3 (1970).
2 On this point, see Ted R. Gurr, Peter N. Grabosky, and Richard C. Hula, The Politics of Crime and Conflict: A Comparative History of Four Cities (1977); Roger Lane, “Urbanization and Criminal Violence in the Twentieth Century: Massachusetts as a Test Case,” in H. D. Graham and Ted R. Gurr, eds., Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (1969); Lawrence M. Friedman and Robert V. Percival, The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California, 1870—1910 (1981), pp. 31—35.
3 David B. Davis, Homicide in American Fiction, 1798—1860 (1957), pp. 240—42.
4 For an account of this bloody affair, see Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots (1990).
5 Roger Lane, Violent Death in the City: Suicide, Accident and Murder in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (1979), p. 53.
6 John Philip Reid, Law for the Elephant: Property and Social Behavior on the Overland Trail (1980).
7 Richard White, “It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own”; A New History of the American West (1992), p. 329.
8 Roger D. McGrath, Gunfighters, Highwaymen and Vigilantes: Violence on the Frontier (1984), p. 247. See also Kevin J. Mullen, Let Justice be Done: Crime and Politics in Early San Francisco (1989), chap. 26.
9 Ibid., pp. 253, 255.
10 For their career, see Robert M. Coates, The Outlaw Years: The History of the Land Pirates of the Natchez Trace (1930; reprint ed., 1986).
11 Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1780—1800, Vol. 1, (1801), pp. 193—95 (act of June 30,1784).
12 George F. Norton’s Case, City Hall Recorder 3:90 (New York, 1818).
13 Quoted in Edward L. Ayers, Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth-Century American South (1984), p. 18; Michael Paul Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian (1975), p. 58.
14