Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [320]
15 J. Winston Coleman, Famous Kentucky Duels (1969), pp. 32—42.
16 Williams, Dueling, pp. 77—78. See also Kenneth S. Greenberg, “The Nose, the Lie, and the Duel in the Antebellum South,” American Historical Review 95:57 (1990).
17 Elliott J. Gorn, “‘Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American’: Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City,” Journal of American History 74:388, 406—9 (1987).
18 Milo Erwin, History of Williamson County, Illinois (1876), p. 152. See also Paul M. Angle, Bloody Williamson: A Chapter in American Law lessness (1952), chap. 5.
19 Ayers, Vengeance and Justice, pp. 263—74.
20 Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (1975), pp. 95—96.
21 Jack K. Williams, “Crime and Punishment in Alabama, 1819—1840,” Alabama Review 6:14 (1953).
22 Kevin J. Mullen, Let Justice Be Done: Crime and Politics in Early San Francisco (1989), p. 10.
23 Robert M. Senkewicz, Vigilantes in Gold Rush San Francisco (1985), pp. 2—3.
24 Ibid., p. 4.
25 Wayne Gard, Frontier Justice (1949), pp. 155—56.
26 There is a large literature on the San Francisco vigilante movements. The classic account is Hubert Bancroft, Popular Tribunals (1887), but this has to be taken with a grain of salt; Bancroft was extremely biased in favor of the vigilantes. Among recent works (in addition to Mullen, Let Justice Be Done), see Senkewicz, Vigilantes in Gold Rush San Francisco.
27 Doyce Blackman Nunis, ed., The San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856: Three Views (1971), p. 31.
28 William J. McConnell and James S. Reynolds, Idaho’s Vigilantes (ed. Joyce Lindstrom, 1984), p. 42. This account was originally published in 1913.
29 See Joseph M. Kelly, “Shifting Interpretations of the San Francisco Vigilantes,” Journal of the West 24:39 (1985).
30 Hubert H. Bancroft, Popular Tribunals (1887), Vol. 1, pp. 10, 11, 16.
31 Thomas J. Dimsdale, The Vigilantes of Montana (1866; new edition, 1953), pp. 13, 15—16.
32 Dimsdale, Vigilantes of Montana, pp. 194—205. For another version of the “arrest and execution of Captain J. A. Slade,” see Nathaniel Pitt Langford, Vigiliante Days and Ways: The Pioneers of the Rockies (1890), pp. 460—61.
33 John Clay, My Life on the Range (1924; ed. Donald R. Omduff, 1962), pp. 265—66.
34 William S. Greever, The Bonanza West: The Story of the Western Mining Rushes, 1848—1900 (1963), pp. 344—46.
35 Patrick B. Nolan, Vigilantes on the Middle Border: A Study of Self-Appointed Law Enforcement in the States of the Upper Mississippi from 1840 to 1880 (1987), pp. 109—10.
36 National Police Gazette, March 18, 1885, p. 7.
37 Governor Thomas Ford, A History of Illinois from Its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847 (2 vols., ed. Milo M. Quaife, 1945), Vol. 2, p. 354.
38 Senkewicz, Vigilantes, p. 86.
39 Dimsdale, Vigilantes of Montana, p. 13.
40 Bancroft, Popular Tribunals, Vol. 1, pp. 129—30. Bancroft was just as harsh on politicians: “Murderers were our congressmen, and shameless debauchees our senators. Our legislators were representatives of the sediment of society” (ibid.).
41 Clay, My Life on the Range, pp. 267—68.
42 Brown, Strain of Violence, p. 108.
43 McConnell and Reynolds, Idaho’s Vigilantes, editor’s preface, p. 1.
44 Brown, Strain of Violence, p. 155.
45 Lew L. Callay, Montana’s Righteous Hangmen: The Vigilantes in Action (1982), p. 218.
46 Anthony Comstock, Traps for the Young (ed. Robert Bremner, 1967), p. 114. The book was originally published in 1883.
47 Brown, Strain of Violence, pp. 150—51.
48 On the whitecaps in this area, see Wilbur R. Miller, Revenuers and Moonshiners: Enforcing Federal Liquor Law in the Mountain South, 1865—1900 (1991); see also Stephen Cresswell, Mormons, Cowboys, Moonshiners, and Klansmen: Federal Law Enforcement in the South and West, 1870—1893 (1991); and William J. Holmes, “Moonshining and Collective Violence: Georgia, 1889—1895,”Journal of American History 67:589 (1980).
49 National Police Gazette,