Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [322]
17 N. E. H. Hull, Female Felons: Women and Serious Crime in Colonial Massachusetts (1987), p. 114.
18 Code of Tenn. 1858, sec. 4839, p. 867. A person who had “good reason to believe such former husband or wife to be dead” was not guilty of the crime (sec. 4840, p. 868). It was also a crime for an “unmarried person” to marry, “knowingly,” the “husband or wife of another” (sec. 4842, p. 868).
19 Third Annual Message of Charles F. Warwick, Mayor of . . . Philadelphia , with Annual Reports . . . Superintendent of the Bureau of Police (1898), p. 42; Annual Report, Police Department of the City of New York (1913), p. 17; Annual Report, Police Department of the City of Los Angeles, 1924—25, p. 18. There were over 62,000 arrests in Philadelphia in 1897, and over 35,000 in Los Angeles in 1924—25, so that bigamy, whatever its importance as a social indicator, did not loom large in police affairs.
20 New York Times, July 3, 1888, p. 2.
21 National Intelligencer (Washington, D.C.), Sept. 20, 1869, p. 1. The first wife, according to the newspapers, was so distraught when she learned the bad news that she swallowed a “quantity of corrosive sublimate” and was said to be “slowly dying.”
22 New York Times, Sept. 11, 1888, p. 1.
23 New York Times, Sept. 27, 1897, p. 5.
24 John D. Lawson, ed., American State Trials, Vol. 2 (1914), p. 714.
25 New York Times, Sept. 27, 1897, p. 5.
26 Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: “Woman’s Sphere” in New England, 1780—1835 (1977), pp. 64—74.
27 See Delger Trowbridge, “Criminal Intent and Bigamy,” California Law Review 7:1 (1918).
28 New York Times, Sept. 21, 1896, p. 5.
29 New York Times, Oct. 6, 1896, p. 12. Foens may have honestly thought he was divorced.
30 On this case, see Craig Brandon, Murder in the Adirondacks: “An American Tragedy” Revisited (1986).
31 David R. Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld: The Impact of Crime on the Development of the American Police, 1800—1887 (1979), p. 65.
32 Carl B. Klockars, The Professional Fence (1974), pp. 1—28.
33 Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld, pp. 47—49.
34 Matthew Hale Smith, Sunshine and Shadow in New York (1880), p. 150.
35 Roger Lane, Policing the City: Boston, 1822—1885 (1967), pp. 146—47.
36 Walling, Recollections, pp. 519—20.
37 Gary T. Marx, Undercover: Police Surveillance in America (1988), p. 34.
38 George S. McWatters, Knots Untied, or Ways and By-Ways in the Hidden Life of American Detectives (1873), pp. 648—49. On detective writings in the late nineteenth century in general, see David R. Papke, Framing the Criminal: Crime, Cultural Work and the Loss of Critical Perspective, 1830—1900 (1987).
39 McWatters, Knots Untied, pp. 104, 649—50.
40 Ibid., pp. 104—6.
41 George W. Walling, Recollections of a New York Chief of Police (1887), pp. 519—20.
42 Matthew Hale Smith, Sunshine and Shadow in New York (1880), p. 162.
43 See Frank Mom, “The Eye That Never Sleeps”: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency (1982).
44 On this genre, see Papke, Framing the Criminal, chap. 6; see also Maxwell Bloomfield, “Creative Writers and Criminal Justice: Confronting the System (1890—1920),” Criminal Justice Review 15:208 (1990).
45 See Papke, Framing the Criminal, chap. 5. There is, of course, a vast literature on the history of this branch of literature; see, among others, Howard Haycraft, Murder for Pleasure (enlarged edition, 1968); David Lehman, The Perfect Murder: A Study in Detection (1989).
46 See, in general, Ian Ousby, Bloodhounds of Heaven: The Detective in English Fiction from Godwin to Doyle (1976).
47 I will behave ethically and not mention the name of the person who “did it.” I would point out, though, that The Moonstone, unlike most mysteries, is such a wonderful novel that little harm is actually done by revealing the ending.
48 Allan Pinkerton, Thirty Years a Detective (1884; reprint ed., 1975), p. 17.
49 McCabe, Lights and Shadows, pp. 353—54.
50 Juergen Thorwald, The Century of the Detective (1964), p. 6.
51 David R. Johnson, American Law Enforcement: A History (1981), pp. 107, 110.