Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [329]
9 36 Stats. 825 (act of June 25, 1910). This act is discussed in more detail in chapter 15.
10 41 Stats. 324 (act of Oct. 29, 1919).
11 Brooks v. United States, 267 U.S. 432 (1925).
12 40 Stats. 443 (act of March 8, 1918).
13 Annual Report, Attorney General of the United States, Fiscal Year 1924, p. 79. This was about a third of all the criminal cases; selective service cases made up another third (ibid., p. 124).
14 277 U.S. 438 (1928).
15 Ibid., at 470.
16 47 Stats. 326 (act of June 22, 1932); Horace L. Bomar, Jr., “The Lindbergh Law,” Law and Contemporary Problems 1:435 (1934).
17 Quoted in Sanford J. Ungar, FBI (1976), p. 72.
18 Ibid., p. 74.
19 Mark H. Haller, “Urban Crime and Criminal Justice: The Chicago Case,” Journal of American History 57:619, 623 (1970).
20 48 Stats. 783, chap. 304 (act of May 18, 1934); 48 Stats. 781, chap. 300 (act of May 18, 1934); 48 Stats. 794, chap. 333 (act of May 22, 1934).
21 48 Stats. 782, chap. 302 (act of May 18, 1934).
22 48 Stats. 1236, chap. 757 (act of June 26, 1934).
23 Annual Report, Attorney General of the United States, 1915, pp. 31—33.
24 Annual Report, Attorney General of the United States, 1924, pp. 89—90.
25 Annual Report, Director of Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, 1940, pp. 90—91. The IRS, aside from the liquor cases, had only 187 cases to show. For another study of the growth of federal prosecutions, see Edward Rubin, “A Statistical Study of Federal Criminal Proceedings,” Law and Contemporary Problems 1:494 (1934).
26 Annual Report, Director of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, 1973, p. 189.
27 Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Federal Offenders in the United States Courts, 1985, p. 7.
28 Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Federal Offenders in the United States Courts, 1986—1990, p. 7.
29 Yale Kamisar, Wayne LaFave, Jerold Israel, Modern Criminal Procedure: Cases, Comments and Questions (6th ed., 1986), p. 21n.
30 National Center for State Courts, State Court Caseload Statistics: Annual Report 1990, p. 27.
31 There were, however, jails in the District of Columbia. The “United States jail” was built in the district in the 1870s—an “imposing-looking edifice” of stone. See Mary H. Oakey, Journey from the Gallows, p. 55.
32 24 Stats. 411, chap. 213 (act of Feb. 23, 1887).
33 Annual Report, Attorney General of the United States, 1889, p. xi.
34 Friedman and Percival, Roots of Justice, p. 300. The federal prisoners in 1905 were better off than the county prisoners, whose daily allowance was a mere twenty-five cents and who got only two meals a day instead of three.
35 Harry F. Bames and Neglect K. Teeters, New Horizons in Criminology (1943), pp. 675—76.
36 46 Stats. 325, chap. 274 (act of May 14, 1930).
37 Blake McKelvey, American Prisons (1936), p. 228.
38 Attorney General’s Survey of Release Procedures: Prisons, U.S. Department of Justice, 1940, p. 309.
39 U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Statistical Report: Fiscal Year 1986, p. 16.
40 U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, 1989 State of the Bureau, p. 54.
41 Richard Hawkins and Geoffrey P. Alpert, American Prison Systems (1989), p. 55.
42 Margaret Wemer Cahalan, Historical Corrections Statistics in the United States, 1850—1984 (1986), table 3.2, p. 29. The state figures do not include prisoners in local jails, which is a sizeable population on its own. The prison figures, of course, reflect the more serious crimes.
43 David R. Johnson, American Law Enforcement: A History (1981), p. 168.
44 Ungar, FBI, p. 40.
45 Fred J. Cook, The FBI Nobody Knows (1964), p. 420.
46 Johnson, American Law Enforcement, p. 174.
47 Samuel Walker, Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice (1980), p. 184.
48 Ungar, FBI, p. 57.
49 See Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954—63 (1989).
50 William W. Keller, The Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover: Rise and Fall of a Domestic Intelligence State (1989), p. 6.
51 Walker, Popular Justice, pp. 186—87.
52 Victoria