Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [330]
53 Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (1975), pp. 160—61.
54 See William H. Moore, The Kefauver Committee and the Politics of Crime 1950—1952 (1974); another account, equally disparaging, is in Michael Woodiwiss, Crime, Crusades and Corruption: Prohibitions in the United States, 1900—1987 (1988), chaps. 10, 11.
55 Moore, The Kefauver Committee, p. 189.
56 Walker, Popular Justice, pp. 206—8.
57 Thomas E. Cronin, Tania Z. Cronin, and Michael E. Milakovich, U.S. v. Crime in the Streets (1981), p. 28.
58 Walker, Political Justice, pp. 173—77.
59 Morris Ploscowe, “Some Causative Factors in Criminality,” in National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, Report on the Causes of Crime, Vol. 1 (1931), p. 137.
60 Quoted in Malcolm M. Feeley and Austin D. Sarat, The Policy Dilemma: Federal Crime Policy and the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (1980), p. 35.
61 Ibid., pp. 36—37.
62 82 Stats. 197 (act of June 19, 1968).
63 On the history of the rise and fall of LEAA, see Walker, Popular Justice , pp. 232—38; and Feeley and Sarat, The Policy Dilemma.
64 Feeley and Sarat, The Policy Dilemma, p. 91.
65 New York Times, Jan. 29, 1992 (national ed.), p. A14.
CHAPTER 13. CRIME ON THE STREETS; CRIME IN THE SUITES
1 Annual Report, Police Commissioner of the City of New York, year ending Dec. 31, 1906 (1907), p. 19.
2 Laws Cal. 1925, p. 396.
3 Laws Cal. 1931, chap. 1026, p. 2108.
4 Laws N.Y. 1910, Vol. 1, chap. 374, sec. 287, p. 681.
5 Any driver who knows he has caused injury to person or property, and who leaves the scene “without stopping and giving his name, residence, including street and street number” and his license number, could get up to two years in prison in addition to revocation of license. Ibid., sec. 290(3), p. 685.
6 George Warren, Traffic Courts (1942), p. 9.
7 Supplemental Report, Senate Interim Committee on Traffic and Motor Vehicle Violations, State of California (1950), p. 24.
8 John A. Gardiner, Traffic and the Police: Variations in Law-Enforcement Policy (1969), pp. 27-28.
9 Annual Report, Administrative Office of the Courts, North Carolina Courts, 1989-1990, p. 237.
10 Michigan State Courts, Annual Report, 1988, p. 47. The felony cases in this court were preliminary examinations only.
11 See, in general, Warren, Traffic Courts, for a picture of these courts in operation in the period of the Second World War; on the traffic bureau of the Columbus, Ohio, municipal court in the 1930s, see William J. Blackburn Jr., The Administration of Criminal Justice in Franklin County, Ohio (1935), pp. 198-203.
12 Warren, Traffic Courts, pp. 81-82.
13 American Bar Association, A Report on South Carolina Traffic Courts (1968), p. 145.
14 Warren, Traffic Courts, p. 114.
15 Ibid., p. 112.
16 American Bar Association, A Report to the State of Oklahoma on the System of Courts Which Adjudicate Traffic Cases (1958), p. 99.
17 Laws N.Y. 1910, Vol. 1, chap. 374, sec. 290(3).
18 Josephine Y. King and Mark Tipperman, “The Offense of Driving While Intoxicated: The Development of Statutory and Case Law in New York,” Hofstra Law Review 3:541 (1975); Laws N.Y. 1926, chap. 732, p. 1369; Laws N.Y. 1941, chap. 726, p. 1623.
19 Laws N.Y. 1953, chap. 854, p. 1876. The police, however, had to have “reasonable grounds to suspect such person of driving in an intoxicated condition.”
20 This was apparently a common practice in Missouri; see the empirical study reported in Edward H. Hunvald, Jr., and Franklin E. Zimring, “Whatever Happened to Implied Consent? A Sounding,” Missouri Law Review 33: 323 (1968).
21 Harry Kalven, Jr., and Hans Zeisel, The American Jury (1966), pp. 293-97.
22 Joseph W. Little, Administration of Justice in Drunk Driving Cases (1975), pp. 192-93.
23 James B. Jacobs, Drunk Driving: An American Dilemma (1989), pp. xiv, xv.