Day of Empire_ How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance--And Why They Fall - Amy Chua [182]
18. Pagden, Peoples and Empires, p. 40 (quoting Machiavelli).
19. Immanuel Wallerstein, Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750, vol. 2 of The Modern World-System (San Diego: Academic Press, 1980), pp. 38-39.
20. Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, p. 242 (quoting a Victorian-era postage stamp).
PART ONE: THE TOLERANCE OF BARBARIANS
ONE: THE FIRST HEGEMON: THE GREAT PERSIAN EMPIRE FROM CYRUS TO ALEXANDER
Epigraphs: The quote from A. T. Olmstead is from his classic book History of the Persian Empire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), p. 1. My source for Alexander the Great's quote is Peter Green, Alexander of Mace-don, 356-323 BC: A Historical Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991).
1. Beverly Moon, An Encyclopedia of Archetypal Symbolism (Boston: Sham-bhala, 1991), p. 32; Mehdi Khansari et al., The Persian Garden: Echoes of Paradise (Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers, 1998), pp. 29-32.
2. Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Peter T. Daniels, trans. (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2002), pp. 175, 201-2, 297-98, 346, 404. Territorial estimates for the Achaemenid Empire vary greatly, ranging from one million to three million square miles. My estimate is from Peter Turchin, Jonathan M. Adams, and Thomas D. Hall, “East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States,” Journal of World-Systems Research, vol. 12 (Dec. 2006), pp. 216-29 (2.1 million square miles).
3. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 81, 88-89, 168-69, 429-30; Richard N. Frye, The Heritage of Persia (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962), p. 126; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 56, 176-77, 23817.
4. See Jean-Noel Biraben, “The Rising Numbers of Humankind,” Population & Societies, no. 394 (French National Institute of Demographic Studies [INED]) (Oct. 2003), pp. 1-4.
5. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 16-17.
6. Frye, The Heritage of Persia, pp. 2-3, 4317; Josef Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD (London: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 1996), p. xi.
7. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 18-19; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 45; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. xi-xii.
8. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 5-7; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, p. 51 (quoting from the Cyrus cylinder).
9. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 5-7, 286-93,1007-8; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. 79-88.
10. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 15-16; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, pp. 78-80.
11. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 15-18, 36-37, 40-44; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, pp. 78-81; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 34-41, 50-51, 59.
12. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 71-72, 81; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 127; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. 7, 57. On satrapies, and the historical debates surrounding them, see Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, p. 59; Wiesehöfer, pp. 59-62.
13. Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 82; H.WF Saggs, The Might That Was Assyria (London: Sidgewick & Jackson, 1984), pp. 114-15.
14. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 40-44; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 81; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 52-53; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. 44-45.
15. Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. 43-44.
16. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, p. 226.
17. Isa. 45:1-3; Ezra 6:2-5.
18. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 41, 4617, 79; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. 49-51.
19. Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. 49-55.
20. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, p. 55; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 87, 92, 129.
21. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 57-61; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 88; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 88-95.
22. Regarding Cambyses’ conquests and the creation of the Persian navy, see Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp.