Day of Empire_ How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance--And Why They Fall - Amy Chua [183]
23. As with many of the Achaemenid kings, there is some dispute about the exact year that Darius acceded to the throne. Most scholars, however, agree that it was between 522 and 520 BC. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 13913, 159-61; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 107-8; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, p. 15. On the Scythians, see William Montgomery McGovern, The Early Empires of Central Asia: A Study of the Scythians and the Huns and the Part They Played in World History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939), pp. 36, 47, 49, 56.
24. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 165-79, 369-71; J. M. Cook, The Persian Empire (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1983), pp. 69-70; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 116; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. 63-65, 76-77.
25. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 390-94; Cook, The Persian Empire, p. 70.
26. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 170-71, 177-78, 507-10; Cook, The Persian Empire, pp. 68-69; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. 19, 29.
27. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, p. 77; Cook, The Persian Empire, pp. 14718; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 117; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. xi, 59, 99. On the debates about the religion of the Achaemenids, see Briant, pp. 93-94; Wiesehöfer, pp. 94-100.
28. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 510-11; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, p. 222.
29. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 168, 172; Frye, The Heritage of Per-sia, pp. 100-101, 126.
30. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 81, 363; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 126.
31. Frye, The Heritage of Persia, pp. 108-9. On the close relationship between the Medes and the Persians, see Cook, The Persian Empire, pp. 42-43.
32. Frye, The Heritage of Persia, pp. 108-9; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 238, 247 (quoting Herodotus).
33. Frye, The Heritage of Persia, pp. 108-9; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 239, 242.
34. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 384-87; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, pp. 111-12; Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp. 243-44.
35. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 792-800; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, pp. 109-12.
36. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 77, 82, 122-23, 180-83; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, pp. 107-8. On the migratory habits of the Achaemenids, see Briant, pp. 186-89.
37. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 200-201, 289-91.
38. Ibid., pp. 13-14, 200-201, 286-94, 331.
39. Ibid., p. 171.
40. Percy Sykes, A History of Persia (London: MacMillan and Co., 1930), p. 169.
41. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 543-47, 551, 567-68; Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p. 123; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. 4213, 46-47, 52.
42. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 543, 549, 554, 567; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, pp. 46, 54-55.
43. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 687, 769.
44. Ibid., pp. 852-53, 868-69; Guy MacLean Rogers, Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness (New York: Random House, 2004), pp. 125-27. For vivid accounts of Alexander's military tactics and brilliance on the battlefield, see generally Green, Alexander of Macedon; J.F.C. Fuller, The Generalship of Alexander the Great (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1958), pp. 285-305. The quote about Alexander's military prowess is from Green, p. xv.
45. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, pp. 868-69.
46. My description of young Alexander is taken from Green, Alexander of Macedon, pp. 54-55. On young Alexander and Aristotle, see Green, pp. 53-54, 58-61; Waldemar Heckel and J. C. Yardley, Alexander the Great: Historical Texts in Translation (Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 35-39; Rogers, Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness, pp. 4-5, 8-9.
47. Green, Alexander of Macedon, pp. 59-60; Rogers, Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness, pp. v, xviii, 88-89.
48. My account of Alexander's approach and attitude toward conquered Babylon and Egypt draws heavily on Green, Alexander of Macedon,