• Choose a category
• All
• Classic-Fiction

49. Green, Alexander of Macedon, pp. 369-70, 446-48; Rogers, Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness, pp. 171-73, 251-52. Modern scholars began to debate the extent to which Alexander sought a fusion of races after the publication of W. W. Tarn's 1948 biography, in which Tarn argued that Alexander had a “unity of mankind” policy. See W. W. Tarn, Alexander the Great (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948), excerpted in Ian Worthing-ton, ed., Alexander the Great: A Reader (London: Routledge, 2003), pp. 198-207. For a strong critique of this view, see A. B. Bosworth, “Alexander and the Iranians,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 100 (1980), pp. 1-21, excerpted in Worthington, pp. 208-35.

50. Green, Alexander of Macedon, pp. 453-56, 487-88; Rogers, Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness, pp. 213-14, 221-26, 251, 256, 259-61.

51. Green, Alexander of Macedon, pp. 473-75; Rogers, Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness, pp. xvii, 87, 265, 273; Worthington, Alexander the Great, p. 198.

TWO: TOLERANCE IN ROME'S HIGH EMPIRE: GLADIATORS, TOGAS, AND IMPERIAL “GLUE’

Epigraphs: The quote from Claudian can be found in Clifford Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000), p. 65. The quote from Claudius is reproduced in A. N. Sherwin-White, Racial Prejudice in Imperial Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), p. 60.

1. “For all its material impressiveness and occasional grossness, the core of the explanation of the Roman achievement was an idea, the idea of Rome itself, the values it embodied and imposed, the notion of what was one day to be called romanitas.” J. M. Roberts, The New History of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 227.

2. See Anthony Pagden, Peoples and Empires (London: Weidenfeld & Nicol-son, 2001), pp. 42, 45; and Keith Hopkins, “Conquerors and Slaves: The Impact of Conquering an Empire on the Political Economy of Italy,” in Craige B. Champion, ed., Roman Imperialism: Readings and Sources (Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2004), p. 108. My opening paragraph also draws on Fergus Millar, ed., The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours (New York: Delacorte Press, 1967), p. 9.

3. See Pagden, Peoples and Empires, p. 42; Chris Scarre, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Rome (London: Penguin, 1995), pp. 82-83.

4. See Pagden, Peoples and Empires, pp. 35-37, 41. The quote from Theodor Mommsen can be found in Colin Wells, The Roman Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 1.

5. For a detailed discussion of Rome's provincial system and its administration, see Peter Garnsey and Richard Sailer, The Roman Empire: Economy, Society, and Culture (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 20-40. On the native backgrounds of the emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, and Septimius Severus, as well as the diversity of Roman elites more generally, see Michael Grant, The History of Rome (London: Faber and Faber, 1979), pp. 236, 238-39; Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire (London: Macmillan, 2005), p. 44; Christopher S. Mackay, Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 229, 231-35; Pagden, Peoples and Empires, pp. 41-42 (quoting Cicero); Wells, The Roman Empire, pp. 152 (quoting Tacitus), 170-71; Pierre Grimal, L'Empire Roman (Paris: Editions des Fallois, 1993), p. 133; Géza Alföldy, Das Imperium Romanum—ein Vorbild für das vereinte Europa? (Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe & Co. AG Verlag, 1999), pp. 29-30; Basil Kremmydas and Sophocles Marcianos, The Ancient World-Hellenistic Times-Rome (Athens: Gnosis Editions, 1985), p. 200. The quote in the section heading beginning “The single native land” is from Pliny and cited in Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, p. 65.

6. See Champion, Roman Imperialism, p. 263 (quoting Claudius); Edward Gibbon, The History of the