Day of Empire_ How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance--And Why They Fall - Amy Chua [185]
7. Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, pp. 110-25, 178; Andrew Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 14-15; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 24819. My discussion of Roman slavery draws heavily on J.P.V.D. Balsdon, Romans and Aliens (London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1979), pp. 77-81. On the gore of the gladiator games, see Daniel P. Mannix, The History of Torture (Gloucestershire, U.K.: Sutton Publishing, 2003), p. 30.
8. Champion, Roman Imperialism, p. 209 (citing Livy and Cicero); Grant, The History of Rome, pp. 38, 45, 49-50, 54-55; Roberts, The New History of the World, p. 227.
9. Grant, The History of Rome, p. 101; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 234-36; M. Rostovtzett, Rome, J. D. Duff, trans. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960), pp. 41, 76.
10. On Rome's shift from indirect to direct provincial rule and its conquests of Europe, Asia Minor, and the Middle East, see Grant, The History of Rome, p. 121; Lintott, Imperium Romanum, pp. 9-11, 13-14; Edward Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), pp. 9-12, 19-25, 49-50, 57, 60-61; Mackay, Ancient Rome, pp. 81-84; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 248-49; Rostovtzett, Rome, pp. 76-77. On “government without bureaucracy,” see Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, p. 20.
11. In his magnum opus, Edward Gibbon characterizes the golden age as the reign of five emperors from AD 96-180: Marcus Cocceius Nerva (AD 96-98), Trajan (AD 98-117), Hadrian (AD 117-38), Antoninus Pius (AD 138-61), and Marcus Aurelius (AD 161-80). Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1, p. 31. Other historians include Marcus Aurelius's successor, Commodus (AD 180-92), as well as Vespasian (AD 70-79), Titus (AD 79-81), and Domitian (AD 81-96). See, for example, Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd ed., vol. 11 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), front page.
12. On Trajan and Hadrian generally, see Anthony R. Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor (London: Routledge, 1997); Grant, The History of Rome, pp. 236-39; Millar, The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours, pp. 42-43; Wells, The Roman Empire, pp. 174, 184, 202-7, 285. Specifically on the Jewish rebellion, see Birley, pp. 2, 268-76; Mackay, Ancient Rome, pp. 229-31; Roberts, The New History of the World, p. 271.
13. My discussion of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius draws on Anthony R. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, rev. ed. (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 37-38, 58-59; Mackay, Ancient Rome, pp. 230-35; Roberts, The New History of the World, p. 271; Ando Schiavone, The End of the Past: Ancient Rome and the Modern West (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), pp. 21-22; Wells, The Roman Empire, pp. 213-29.
14. On Rome as a free-trade zone and “global economy,” see Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, p. 20; Rostovtzeff, Rome, pp. 248, 257-63; Alföldy, Das Imperium Romanum—ein Vorbild für das vereinte Europa?, p. 33. The quote from Aristides is reproduced in Schiavone, The End of the Past, p. 7. There are a number of fascinating scholarly articles exploring the relationship between the Roman and Han Chinese empires. See, for example, H. H. Dubs, “A Roman City in Ancient China,” Greece & Rome, 2nd ser., vol. 4, no. 2 (Oct. 1957), pp. 139-48, and J. Thorley, “The Silk Trade Between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height, Circa AD 90-130,” Greece & Rome, 2nd ser., vol. 18, no. 1 (Apr. 1971), pp. 71-80.
15. See Montesquieu, Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and Their Decline, David Lowenthal, trans. (New York: The Free Press, 1965), pp. 36-37; Rostovtzeff, Rome, p. 263; Wells, The Roman Empire, pp. 224-26.
16. My discussion of