Day of Empire_ How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance--And Why They Fall - Amy Chua [186]
17. See Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1, p. 103.
18. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1, p. 70; see Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, p. 15; Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire, pp. 37, 44.
19. Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, pp. 178, 186; Mackay, Ancient Rome, p. 258; Montesquieu, Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and Their Decline, p. 24; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 236-40, 250-51.
20. On the empire's linguistic diversity, see Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, pp. 186, 189-92; Millar, The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours, p. 153; Wells, The Roman Empire, pp. 134-35.
21. Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, pp. 35, 110-12, 115; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 249-50; Mackay, Ancient Rome, p. 257; Schiavone, The End of the Past, p. 6 (citing Aristides); Wells, The Roman Empire, pp. 6, 126-29, 142; Holy Bible, C. I. Scofield, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), Acts 16:35-40, 22:22-29.
22. Balsdon, Romans and Aliens, pp. 85-86, 91, 93-95; Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, pp. 116-17, 178; Mackay, Ancient Rome, p. 257; Millar, The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours, p. 196; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 249-50; Wells, The Roman Empire, pp. 9, 116-17, 127-29; G. Woolf, “Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul,” in Roman Imperialism, pp. 231-42. The quote from Aristedes is reproduced in Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, p. 58.
23. Sherwin-White, Racial Prejudice in Imperial Rome, pp. 3-5, 7, 58-60.
24. See Balsdon, Romans and Aliens, p. 82 (quoting Claudius); R. MacMullen, “Romanization in the Time of Augustus,” in Roman Imperialism, pp. 215, 223-24.
25. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1, p. 56.
26. Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, pp. 168, 170-73; Grant, The History of Rome, pp. 37, 43; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 254-56.
27. Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, pp. 168-73, 202; Millar, The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours, pp. 153-54.
28. Champion, Roman Imperialism, pp. 272-75; Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, pp. 169-70, 173, 202-3; Mackay, Ancient Rome, pp. 227-28, 230; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 263-65, 271. On Julius Caesar and the Jews, see Antony Kamm, Julius Caesar: A Life (London: Routledge, 2006), pp. 120-21, 151.
29. Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, pp. 174-75; Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1, pp. 526, 550; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 270-72; Wells, The Roman Empire, p. 241.
30. On theories of the Roman Empire's decline, see generally Grant, The History of Rome, pp. 332-51; Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire, pp. 49-142; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 276-83; Wells, The Roman Empire, pp. 219-21.
31. Pagden, Peoples and Empires, p. 46; see also Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, p. 178; Grant, The History of Rome, p. 324; Mackay, Ancient Rome, p. 257; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 276, 289, 292.
32. Garnsey and Sailer, The Roman Empire, pp. 174-75; Naphtali Lewis and Meyer Reinhold, Roman Civilization, Selected Readings, 3rd ed., vol. 2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), pp. 583-84; Millar, The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours, p. 209; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 271-73; Wells, The Roman Empire, p. 243.
33. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 3 (1776; edited and abridged by Hans-Friedrich Mueller, New York: Modern Library, 2003), pp. 982-83; see Grant, The History of Rome, pp. 304-5, 308. Gibbon's view of the role Christianity played in Rome's decline has been much debated. For just one helpful analysis, see David P. Jordan, Gibbon and His Roman Empire