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34. Averil Cameron, The Later Roman Empire (London: Fontana Press, 1993), pp. 52, 56-59, 69, 71-72; Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 (annotated by Dean Milman and M. Guizot, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1862), pp. 179-80; Grant, The History of Rome, pp. 308, 311-12, 348; Lewis and Reinhold, Roman Civilization, p. 584; Millar, The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours, pp. 240-41, 24618; Montesquieu, Considerations sur les Causes de la Grandeur des Romains et de Leur Decadence (Paris: GF Flammarion, 1968), p. 162; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 287, 294-97.

35. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1, pp. 1046-51; Grant, The History of Rome, pp. 324, 343; Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire, pp. 186, 211-12, 215; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 291-93, 294.

36. Grant, The History of Rome, pp. 324-26, 343-45, 352-56; Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire, pp. 211-12, 215-28; Roberts, The New History of the World, pp. 292-94, 301-11.

THREE: CHINAS GOLDEN AGE: THE MIXED-BLOODED TANG DYNASTY

1. See generally Arthur F. Wright and Denis Twitchett, Perspectives on the T'ang (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 1-2, 29, 37-43.

2. Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, J. R. Forster, trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 73-100, 680-84; Charles O. Hucker, China's Imperial Past (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1975), pp. 37-40; see generally Wing-Tsit Chan, ed. and trans., A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963).

3. Hucker, China's Imperial Past, pp. 21, 43-45; Conrad Schirokauer, A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations, 2nd ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1989), pp. 51, 53.

4. Yihong Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: SuiTang China and Its Neighbors (Bellingham, Wash.: Western Washington University, 1997), pp. 18-24; Edwin G. Pulleyblank, “The An Lu-shan Rebellion and the Origins of Chronic Militarism in Late T'ang China,” in Essays on Tang and PreTang China (Hampshire, U.K.: Ashgate, Aldershot, 2001), pp. 33, 36-37; Denis Sinor, ed., The Cambridge History of Inner Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 4-5.

5. Hucker, China's Imperial Past, pp. 135-36, 141; Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, pp. 3-4, 169, 231-35.

6. Edmund Capon, Tang China: Vision and Splendour of a Golden Age (London: Macdonald & Co., 1989), pp. 52-53; Valerie Hansen, The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600 (New York: W W Norton, 2000), pp. 153-57.

7. Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 175-84; Hucker, China's Imperial Past, p. 140; Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, p. 31.

8. Hucker, China's Imperial Past, p. 140.

9. Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, p. 181-82 (citation omitted); Pulleyblank, “The An Lu-shan Rebellion,” p. 38.

10. Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, p. 182 (citation omitted); Pulleyblank, “The An Lu-shan Rebellion,” p. 38.

11. Edward Schäfer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963), pp. 1, 28-29, 43-57, 81-86, 91, 134-39, 144-62, 176-84.

12. Capon, Tang China, pp. 39, 59, 74-75; C. P. Fitzgerald, China: A Short Cultural History (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1954), pp. 287-88, 336-37; Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, pp. 37, 215.

13. Tansen Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 (Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai'i Press, 2003), pp. 46-49.

14. Capon, Tang China, pp. 61-63; Hansen, The Open Empire, p. 205.

15. Capon, Tang China, pp. 59, 62-63; Fitzgerald, China: A Short Cultural History, p. 336.

16. Capon, Tang China, pp. 26-27; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, pp. 244-45; Schirokauer, A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations, p. 104.

17. Capon, Tang China, pp. 32-33; Fitzgerald, China: A Short