Day of Empire_ How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance--And Why They Fall - Amy Chua [188]
18. Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 199-202; Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade, pp. 56, 87-97.
19. Capon, Tang China, pp. 27, 32-33; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, p. 257; Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 206-7; Wright and Twitchett, Perspectives on the Tang, pp. 47-49, 64.
20. Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 200, 202.
21. Fitzgerald, China: A Short Cultural History, p. 325; Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 191,206,208.
22. Wright and Twitchett, Perspectives on the Tang, p. 1.
23. Fitzgerald, China: A Short Cultural History, pp. 330-31. On the protection the Tang court offered Uighur Manichaean priests, see Colin MacKerras, “UygurTang Relations, 744-840,” Central Asian Survey, vol. 19, no. 2 (2000), pp. 223, 224, 226-27.
24. Fitzgerald, China: A Short Cultural History, p. 329; G. R. Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 2-3; William H. McNeill, The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), p. 418; Bat Ye'or, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam, trans. David Maisel, Paul Fenton, and David Littman (Rutherford, N.J.: Fair-leigh Dickinson University Press, 1985), pp. 48, 60, 182-83.
25. Enno Franzius, History of the Byzantine Empire: Mother of Nations (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1967), pp. 99-100; Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 2 (New York: Modern Library, 1932), p. 873; Constance Head, Justinian II of Byzantium (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972), pp. 63, 68, 100; Cyril Mango, Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980), p. 91; McNeill, The Rise of the West, p. 418.
26. Fitzgerald, China: A Short Cultural History, pp. 327-30 (most brackets in original).
27. J. K. Fairbank and S. Y Teng, “On the Ch'ing Tributary System,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 10, no. 2 (June 1941), pp. 135, 182, 187, 190 (portions omitted).
28. J. C. Russell, The Fontana Economic History of Europe: Population in Europe: 500-1500, vol. 1 (London: Fontana Books, 1969), pp. 19-21; J. C. Russell, “Late Ancient and Medieval Population,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 48, part 3 (1958), p. 148 table 152; Hansen, The Open Empire, p. 191; Hugh Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State (New York: Routledge, 2001), pp. 18-20; Howard Wechsler, “T'ai-tsung (Reign 626-49) the Consolidator,” in Denis Twitchett, ed., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 3, Sui and Tang China 589-906, part 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 207; Charles Issawi, “The Area and Population of the Arab Empire: An Essay in Speculation,” in The Islamic Middle East 700-1900, A. L. Udovitch, ed. (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1981), pp. 381, 388.
29. Fitzgerald, China: A Short Cultural History, pp. 299-300; Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 222-23; Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, pp. 151-56.
30. Fitzgerald, China: A Short Cultural History, p. 300; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, pp. 259-60, 266; Hansen, The Open Empire, p. 223; Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, pp. 152-55.
31. Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, pp. 260-61; Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 221, 223-24, 227; Pulleyblank, “The An Lu-shan Rebellion,” p. 37.
32. Capon, Tang China, p. 33; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, pp. 259-62; Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 227-28; Hucker, China's Imperial Past, pp. 144, 146; Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, pp. 152-56.
33. Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, pp. 267, 291-93; Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, p. 161; Pulleyblank, “The An Lu-shan Rebellion,” p. 40.
34. Fitzgerald, China: A Short Cultural History, p. 338; Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, pp. 294-95; Pan, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan, p. 165.
35. Gernet, A History