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32. Thomas T. Allsen, Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251-1259 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 3, 7; Morgan, The Mongols, pp. 153-54; Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 110—11; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 178-84.

33. Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 111-13; Spuler, The Muslim World, pp. 19-20; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 183-84.

34. Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 171-73.

35. Enno Franzius, History of the Byzantine Empire: Mother of Nations (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1967), pp. 349, 353; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 173-74.

36. Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 68, 103-4, 114-15; Spuler, The Muslim World, pp. 17, 20; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 6, 33, 82-84, 169-70, 185, 188.

37. Morgan, The Mongols, pp. 117-20; Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 116, 119-21; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 185-91.

38. Valerie Hansen, The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600 (New York: W W Norton, 2000), p. 347; Morgan, The Mongols, p. 120; Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 121-22; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 195, 208-9.

39. Hansen, The Open Empire, pp. 344, 352, 366; Heissig, A Lost Civilization, p. 51; Lamb, Genghis Khan, p. 193; Morgan, The Mongols, pp. 119, 120-23, 127-28, 163; Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 121-27; Spuler, The Muslim World, pp. 32-33; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 195-97, 203-7.

40. Hansen, The Open Empire, p. 352; Morgan, The Mongols, pp. 123-24, 128-30; Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 124-26; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 198-200,203.

41. Morgan, The Mongols, pp. 128-30; Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 124-25; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 223-24.

42. Morgan, The Mongols, pp. 120, 131-32; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 200-1, 206.

43. Morgan, The Mongols, pp. 103-6; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. xxiii, 220-21, 224, 228-34.

44. Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 123, 127; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 195, 205-6, 209, 223,230-31,234.

45. Morgan, The Mongols, pp. 133-34, 157-60; Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 116-17, 134-36, 140-41, 146, 156-60; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 24318, 250, 252-53.

46. Morgan, The Mongols, pp. 132-35; Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, pp. 152-54; Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, pp. 243, 248-51.

PART TWO: THE ENLIGHTENING OF TOLERANCE

FIVE: THE “PURIFICATION OF MEDIEVAL SPAIN: INQUISITION, EXPULSION, AND THE PRICE OF INTOLERANCE

Epigraph: The 1492 expulsion decree is translated by Henry Kamen and reproduced in his chapter “The Expulsion: Purpose and Consequence,” in Elie Kedourie, ed., Spain and the Jews: The Sephardi Experience 1492 and After (London: Thames and Hudson, 1992), pp. 80-81.

1. See J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1964), pp. 5-7, 9.

2. Elie Kedourie, “Introduction,” in Spain and the Jews, p. 8, David Nirenberg, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 19, 21-23, 133.

3. Angus MacKay, “The Jews in Spain During the Middle Ages,” in Spain and the Jews, pp. 33-34, 46-50; Kamen, “The Expulsion,” pp. 79-80; Nirenberg, Communities of Violence, pp. 130, 132-33, 140. On Spain's