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(New York: Arcade Publishing, 1993), pp. 37, 40; Michael Thad Allen, “The Devil in the Details: The Gas Chambers of Birkenau, October 1941,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, vol. 16 (Fall 2002), p. 208. On the vast bureaucracy devoted to the identification, classification, and ultimately extermination of “inferior” peoples, see generally Götz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth, The Nazi Census: Identification and Control in the Third Reich (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004).

8. George L. Mosse, Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich (New York: Grosser & Dunlap, 1968), pp. 198-200; Fischer, Nazi Germany, pp. 541-45.

9. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945, p. 142; Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, pp. 93910; “Timeline: Ukraine,” BBC News, available at news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/l107869.stm.

10. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, pp. 937-39; Stackelberg and Winkle, The Nazi Germany Sourcebook, pp. xxvi, 46, 214-15; Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933-36 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 6-7, 12-13.

11. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945, p. 142; Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, p. 937; Stackelberg and Winkle, The Nazi Germany Sourcebook, pp. 294-95; Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany, pp. 6, 13.

12. Fischer, Nazi Germany, p. 446; Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, pp. 718-20, 738-46. On the Nazis’ fueling resistance in France, see Sarah Farmer, Martyred Village: Commemorating the 1944 Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 13-35, 39-41, 60-61; Oliver Wieviorka, “France,” in Bob Moore, ed., Resistance in Western Europe (Oxford, U.K.: Berg, 2000), pp. 125-28, 132-34, 145.

13. John W Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), pp. 7-9, 272-81; Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie, eds., The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 124-25.

14. See Dower, War Without Mercy, pp. 203-5, 217.

15. Ibid., pp. 208-10.

16. Mark R. Peattie, Nan'Yö: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988), pp. 113-14, 116.

17. Peter Duus, The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 397-98 (quoting Arakawa Gorö).

18. Duus, The Abacus and the Sword, pp. 402-7.

19. Dower, War Without Mercy, pp. 211-17.

20. Ibid., pp. 25, 36, 278-79; Mikiso Hane, Japan (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972), p. 453.

21. Dower, War Without Mercy, pp. 277-78; Naitou Hisako, “Korean Forced Labor in Japan's Wartime Empire,” in Paul H. Kratoska, ed., Asian Labor in the Wartime Japanese Empire (Armonk, N.Y: M. E. Sharpe, 2005), pp. 90, 95; Andrew C. Nahm, Korea: Tradition and Transformation (Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym International Corporation, 1988), pp. 239, 250, 255-56.

22. Dower, War Without Mercy, pp. 6-7, 46; Ken'ichi Goto, Tensions of Empire, Paul Kratoska, ed. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2003), pp. 9, 44, 78; Gregory Clancey, “The Japanese Imperium and South-East Asia,” in Paul H. Kratoska, ed., Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire (London: Routledge Curzon, 2002), pp. 7, 10; R. Murray Thomas, “Educational Remnants of Military Occupation,” in Wolf Mendl, ed., Japan and Southeast Asia (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 372-78.

23. Dower, War Without Mercy, pp. 43-48, 296; Asian Labor in the Wartime Japanese Empire, pp. 12916, 197. On the Japanese occupation of Singapore, see C. M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore, 1819-1988, 2nd ed. (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 183-201; Shimizu Hiroshi and Hirakawa Hiroshi, Japan and Singapore in the World Economy (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 7-11, 52-53, 71, 113-30; Yoji Akashi, “Japanese Policy Towards the Malayan Chinese 1941-1945,” Journal