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24. See, e.g., Anton Lucas, “Local Opposition and Underground Resistance to the Japanese in Java, 1942-1945,” Pacific Affairs, vol. 60, no. 3 (Autumn 1987), pp. 542-43.

25. Joseph W. Ballantine, Formosa (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1952), pp. 25, 33, 36-37; Myers and Peattie, The Japanese Colonial Empire, pp. 30-41,279-89.

26. Gary Marvin Davison, A Short History of Taiwan: The Case for Independence (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 2003), pp. 52, 54, 61-65, 67, 70; Denny Roy, Taiwan: A Political History (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003), pp. 32-45.

ELEVEN: THE CHALLENGERS: CHINA, THE EUROPEAN UNION, AND INDIA IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Epigraphs: The Shanghainese optimist is quoted in Clyde Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East (New York: Basic Books, 2005), p. 225. The Leonard quote is from Mark Leonard, Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century (London: Fourth Estate, 2005), pp. 3-4.

1. See, for example, “U.S. Image Up Slightly, But Still Negative,” Pew Global Attitudes Project, released June 23, 2005, available at pewglobal.org/reports/ display.php?ReportID=247; “U.S. Draws Negative Ratings in Poll,” Associated Press, Mar. 5, 2007, available at news.yahoo.com.

2. Michael Elliott, “The Chinese Century,” Time, Jan. 22, 2007, pp. 33-42.

3. Ted C. Fishman, China, Inc.: How the Rise of the Next Superpower Challenges America and the World (New York: Scribner, 2005), pp. 1-2; Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists, pp. 19, 26, 61; Oded Shenkar, The Chinese Century: The Rising Chinese Economy and Its Impact on the Global Economy, the Balance of Power, and Your Job (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Wharton School Publishing, 2005), pp. 3, 20, 59, 114; Dominic Wilson and Roopa Purushothaman, “Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050,” Global Economics Paper No. 99 (Goldman Sachs Group, Oct. 1, 2003), p. 6; Lester R. Brown, “China Replacing the United States as World's Leading Consumer,” Earth Policy Institute Eco-Economy Update, Feb. 16,2005, available at www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update45.htm.

4. Elliott, “The Chinese Century,” pp. 33-34, 37-38, 42; Stephen M. Walt, “Taming American Power,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 5 (Sept./Oct. 2005), p. 25.

5. There is a large and fascinating literature on the factors contributing to China's remarkable history of unity. For some contrasting views, see, for example, Michael Ng-Quinn, “National Identity in Premodern China: Formation and Role Enactment,” James Watson, “Rites or Beliefs? The Construction of a Unified Culture in Late Imperial China,” and the other excellent essays in Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim, eds., China's Quest for National Identity (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 32-61, 80-103.

6. Lynn White and Li Cheng, “China Coast Identities: Regional, National, and Global,” in China's Quest for National Identity, pp. 154, 163-70; Edward Friedman, “Reconstructing China's National Identity: A Southern Alternative to Mao-Era Anti-Imperialist Nationalism,” Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 53 (Feb. 1994), pp. 67, 68, 80-85.

7. See David Yen-ho Wu, “The Construction of Chinese and Non-Chinese Identities,” in Tu Wei-Ming, ed., The Living Tree: The Changing Meaning of Being Chinese Today (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 148, 155-60; Dru C. Gladney, ed., Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 115-18; Friedman, “Reconstructing China's National Identity,” pp. 85-87.

8. My own book on Chinese and other “market-dominant minorities” is Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York: Doubleday, 2003). The Chinese in Southeast Asia are discussed in chapter 1.

9. Asia Society, “Education in China: Lessons for U.S. Educators” (Sept. 2005), p. 6, available at www.internationaled.org; Bruce Einhorn,