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CHAPTER 8. THE DEATH PENALTY COMMISSION

1. Lawrence Stone, "Interpersonal Violence in English Society, 1300-1800," Past and Present 101 (1983): 22-33; Halttunen, Murder Most Foul, 62; James Turner, Reckoning with the Beast: Animals, Pain, and Humanity in the Victorian Mind (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), 2-3.

2. Quotations from Turner, Reckoning with the Beast, 79, 81.

3. Halttunen, Murder Most Foul, 62-65; Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England, 1300-1800 (London: Penguin, 1983), 143-91.

4. Turner, Reckoning with the Beast, 34-35.

5. Martin S. Pernick, A Calculus of Suffering: Pain, Professionalism, and Anesthesia in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985); Turner, Reckoning with the Beast, 81-82; Halttunen, Murder Most Foul, 64-65.

6. Turner, Reckoning with the Beast, 50; Gerald Carson, Men, Beasts, and Gods: A History of Cruelty and Kindness to Animals (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972), 95-96.

7. Quotations from Turner, Reckoning with the Beast, 70,134. Also see Woman's Branch of the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Annual Report (Philadelphia: M'Farland, 1870), 10.

8. Quotation from Edmund Clarence Stedman, "The Gallows in America," Putnam's Magazine 13 (February 1869): 225-35. Also see Jones, Murder at Cherry Hill, 114-15.

9. Quotation from G. W. Peck, "On the Use of Chloroform in Hanging," American Whig Review 8 (September 1848): 294. Also see Samuel Hand, "The Death Penalty," North American Review 133 (1881): 541-50; Pernick, A Calculus of Suffering, in; Masur, Kites of Execution, 20-21; Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 91; Karl Shoemaker, "The Problem of Pain in Punishment: Historical Perspectives," in Austin Sarat, ed., Pain, Death, and the Law (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001), 15-41.

10. Benjamin Ward Richardson, "The Painless Extinction of Life," Popular Science Monthly 26 (1884-85): 641-52; Woman's Branch of the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Annual Report (1874), p. 15, (1875), p. 12, (1878), pp. 13-4; Laurence Turnbull, The Advantages and Accidents of Artificial Anaesthesia, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston, 1885), 261-62; D. D. Slade, How to Kill Animals Humanely (Boston: Massachusetts SPCA, 1879); Diane L. Beers, "A History of Animal Advocacy in America: Social Change, Gender, and Cultural Values, 1865-1975" (dissertation, Temple University, 1998), 136.

11. Quotations from John H. Packard, "The Mode of Inflicting the Death Penalty," Sanitarian 6 (August 1878): 360-63; G. M. Hammond, "On the Proper Method of Executing the Sentence of Death by Hanging," Sanitarian 10 (November 1882): 664-68. Also see "What Hanging Is Like: The Enjoyable Experience of One Who Has Tried It," New York World, November 1,1885; G. W Peck, "On the Use of Chloroform in Hanging," American Whig Review 8 (September 1848): 294; F. H. Hamilton et al., "Committee on Substitutes for Hanging," Physician and Bulletin of the Medico-Legal Society of New York 13 (1880): 200-204; Benjamin Ward Richardson, "Modes of Death in the Execution of English Criminals," Lancet 2 (1883): 1006, 1066; N. E. Brill, "An Argument Against the Hangman's Bungling," American Journal of Neurology 3 (1884): 643-63; Wooster Beach, "The Death Penalty: Proper Mode of Its Infliction," Medical Record 30 (July 24, 1886): 89-90; J. B. Thornton, "Some Further Remarks on the Death Penalty and Method of Infliction," Medical Record 30 (August 21,1886): 222-23; F. E. Maine, "A Few More Words Regarding the Death Penalty and the Mode of Infliction," Medical Record 30 (October 9, 1886): 417; Pernick, Calculus of Suffering, in; Masur, Rites of Execution, 20-21.

12. Quotations from Edmund Clarence Stedman, "The Gallows in America," Putnam's Magazine 13 (February 1869): 225-35; Scientific American 28 (June 7,1873): 352; New York Herald, November 26, 1879. Also see Benjamin Ward Richardson, "On Research with the Large Induction