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Coil of the Royal Polytechnic Institution," Medical Times and Gazette 1 (1869): 595. For other early tests on animals, see B. C. Brodie, "Explaining the Mode in Which Death Is Produced by Lightning," London Medical Gazette 1 (1827-28): 79. For other early references to electrical execution, see Alonzo Calkins, "Felonious Homicide: Its Penalty, and the Execution thereof Judicially," in Papers Read Before the Medico-Legal Society of New York, 2nd series, rev. ed. (New York: W F. Vanden Houten, 1882), 273; New York Daily Tribune, February 25,1885.

13. New York Evening Post, December 17, 1882, quoted in Jones, 113; Jaffe, "Elec-tropathology," 838; New York Times, February 23, 1882; New York Herald, October 5, 8,10, 1882; Kemmler Hearings, 956-59; Buffalo Evening News, August 11,1881; Buffalo Morning Express, August 9, 1881.

14. Quotation from Alfred Southwick to Edison, December 5, 1887 (TAEM 119:321). Few details regarding Southwick's early experiments are known, but some information is available in New York World, February 7, 1888; New York Times, May 24,1890; Buffalo Express, August 7,1890; Buffalo Courier, June 12,1898; Kemmler Hearings, 370-71.

15. A. P. Southwick, "Anatomy and Physiology of Cleft Palate," Transactions of the Dental Society of the State of New York 15 (1883): 50-55. For Southwick's biography, see Men of New York, vol. 1 (Buffalo: George E. Matthews, 1898), 229-30; Louis B. Lane, Memorial and Family History of Erie County, New York (New York: Genealogical Publishing, 1906-8), 272-74; Dental Cosmos 40 (1898): 597-98; Buffalo Courier, June 12,1898; Buffalo Express, )une 29,1898; Buffalo Commercial, June 11,1898.

16. Quotations from New York Tribune, January 13,1885; Laws of New York, 1886, chap. 352. For McMillan's role, see New York Times, May 24, August 7, 1890; New York Sun, August 2, 1890; Men of New York, 1: 311-12.

17. On Gerry, see Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons), 4:227-28; New York Sun, February 18, 1927; New York Times, New York World, February 18, 1927. On the SPCC, see Stephen Murray Robertson, "Sexuality Through the Prism of Age: Modern Culture and Sexual Violence in New York City, 1880-1950" (dissertation, Rutgers University, 1998).

.18. Commission Report, 30, 48-50, 81; Kemmler Hearings, 346-52, 366.

19. See the undated clippings from the Buffalo Express and other newspapers in scrapbook, box SB: 1886.001, Buffalo and Erie County SPCA.

20. Quotations from Buffalo Morning Express, July 17, 1887; "Report of Agent" and entry for meeting held July 29, 1887, Minutes Book, pp. 107-8, box SB: 1883: 002, Buffalo and Erie County SPCA. Also see Annual Report, Buffalo Branch for Erie County of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Buffalo, 1887), 8-9; Kemmler Hearings, 973-76.

21. Commission Report, 14-47.

22. Ibid., 19.

23. Catalogue of the Eden Musee (New York, 1884), Billy Rose Theater Collection of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts; Louis Leonard Tucker, "'Ohio Show-Shop': The Western Museum of Cincinnati, 1820-1867," in Cabinet of Curiosities: Five Episodes in the Evolution of American Museums (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1967), 73-105; Kathleen Kendrick, '"The Things Down Stairs': Containing Horror in the Nineteenth-Century Wax Museum," NineteenthCentury Studies 12 (1998): 1-35; Halttunen, Murder Most Foul, 66, 78-82.

24. Commission Report, 81-82. During the Kemmler Hearings (p. 369), Gerry reported slightly different figures: 81 for hanging, 75 for electricity.

25. Quotation from Commission Report, 68-69.

26. Quotations from ibid., 49-50. Also see Daniel Arasse, The Guillotine and the Terror, trans. Christopher Miller (London: Allen Lane, 1989), 8-18. Quotation in footnote from New York World, December 28, 1886.

27. Kemmler Hearings, 368; Commission Report, 75.

28. Commission Report, 75-86.

29. On Southwick's advocacy of electricity and Gerry's initial reluctance, see Kemmler Hearings, 370-72; New York World, December 28, 1886; New York Times, January