Edison and the Electric Chair_ A Story of Light and Death - Mark Essig [140]
30. Kemmler Hearings, 372, 391, 396.
CHAPTER 9. GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE AND THE RISE OF ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. Quotations from Mary Edison to Samuel Insull, April 30, 1884 (TAEM 71:615); Robert Lozier to John Tomlinson, August 9,1884 (TAEM 71:627).
2. Quotations from Edison diary, July 12,1885 (TAEM 90:9); Israel, Edison, 233; Notebook N-80-08-09, pp. 13, 37, 218 (TAEM 38:433, 454, 459). Also see Jehl, Menlo Park Reminiscences, 2:510-11; Baldwin, Edison, 87-88, 144; Conot, Streak of Luck, 225-26.
3. Edison Electric Light Company, Bulletin 22 (April 9,1884): 22; Israel, Edison, 212-13.
4. Quotation from Josephson, Edison, 269.
5. Quotation from unidentified clipping, March 13,1883 (TAEM 66:21).
6. Quotation from ibid. Also see Israel, Edison, 224-25; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 99.
7. Israel, Edison, 226-29; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 100-101.
8. New York Sun, undated clipping (TAEM 89:667).
9. John Hopkinson had patented the same design in Britain a few months before Edison.
10. See Israel, Edison, 219; Hughes, Networks of Power, 83-84; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 99,112-23,178; Jehl, Menlo Park Reminiscences, 3:1100.
11. Quotations from Electrical Review 16 (May 24, 1890): 3; New York Herald, March 16,1890; Marvin, When Old Technologies Were New, 138. Also see Strouse, Morgan, 234-35; Ward McAllister, Society as I Have Found It (New York: Cassell, 1890), 353-54; Jehl, Menlo Park Reminiscences, 3:1000.
12. Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 41-57.
13. Ibid., 21-31, 68-71.
13. Ibid., 65, 70; Joseph P. Sullivan, "From Municipal Ownership to Regulation: Municipal Utility Reform in New York City, 1880-1907" (dissertation, Rutgers University, 1995), 490.
15. Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 148.
16. Frank Crane, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements (New York: William H. Wise, 1925), 5-8; Henry G. Prout, A Life of George Westinghouse (New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1921), 1-7; Curt Wohleber, "'St. George' Westinghouse," American Heritage of Invention and Technology 12 (Winter 1997): 30; Frank Wicks, "How George Westinghouse Changed the World," Mechanical Engineering! (October 1996): 74-79.
17. Quotation from Wohleber, "'St. George' Westinghouse," 31. Also see Prout, Life of George Westinghouse, 4, 8, 365; Crane, George Westinghouse, 8-9.
18. Quotation from Crane, George Westinghouse, 13.
19. Ibid., 13-14.
20. Steven W Usselman, "Air Brakes for Freight Trains: Technological Innovation in the American Railroad Industry, 1869-1900," Business History Review 58 (1984): 30-50; Steven W Usselman, "From Novelty to Utility: George Westinghouse and the Business of Innovation During the Age of Edison," Business History Review 66 (1992): 251-304; Prout, Life of George Westinghouse, 21-32; Crane, George Westinghouse, 3, 21-23.
21. Quotations from Francis G. Leupp, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements (Boston: Little, Brown, 1918), 287; Prout, Life of George Westinghouse, 3.
22. Quotation from Tate, Edison's Open Door, 150.
23. See Westinghouse to Edison, June 7, 1888 (TAEM 122:861); "The Westinghouse Electric Company's Dynamo and Incandescent Lamp," Electrical World 7 (April 3,1886): 151-52; Prout, Life of George Westinghouse, 92-95; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 131; George Wise, "William Stanley's Search for Immortality," American Heritage of Invention and Technology 4 (Spring 1988): 42-49.
24. Hughes, Networks of Power, 83; Arthur A. Bright, The Electric Lamp Industry: Technological Change and Economic Development from 1800 to 1947 (New York: Macmillan, 1949), 75-76; New York Times, December 27,1882.
25. King, "The Development of Electrical Technology," 349-50; "The Distribution of Electricity by Secondary Generators," Electrical World 9 (March 26, 1887): 156-58.
24. The Jablochkoff arc lamp used alternating current. "The Distribution of Electricity by Secondary Generators," Electrical World 9 (March 26, 1887): 156-58; Hughes, Networks of Power, 86; Jarvis,