Edison and the Electric Chair_ A Story of Light and Death - Mark Essig [141]
27. "The Distribution of Electricity by Secondary Generators," Electrical World 9 (March 26,1887): 156-58; Hughes, Networks of Power, 87-102; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 131-32.
28. Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review 12 (June 9,1883): 467.
29. Hughes, Networks of Power, 98-104; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 131-32.
30. Stanley to Westinghouse, March 17, 1886, reprinted in Electric Journal 8 (June 1911): 493.
31. "The Gaulard and Gibbs System of Electric Distribution," Electrical World 7 (December 4, 1886): 271-72; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 137-38; Hughes, Networks of Power, 103-4.
32. "Copper," Electrical Engineer 7 (February 1888): 42; Reynolds and Bernstein, "Damnable Alternating Current," 1340. Also see William J. Hausman and John L. Neufeld, "Battle of the Systems Revisited: The Role of Copper," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 11 (Fall 1992): 18-25.
33. F. L. Pope, "The Westinghouse Alternating System of Electric Lighting," Electrician and Electric Lighting 6 (September 1887), 332-42; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 137-38,164-66.
34. "Notes on Distribution of Alternating Current," memo from Edison to Edward Johnson, 1886, pp. 7-10 (TAEM 148:3). Similar points appear in a longer report issued by Siemens & Halske, an Edison ally and major electrical manufacturer in Germany: "About the Use of Transformers in Electric Light Plants," November 1886 (TAEM 79:383).
35. Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 166; Israel, Edison, 325.
36. "Notes on Distribution of Alternating Current," 7.
37. Quotation from W. S. Andrews to J. H. Vail, May 12, 1887 (TAEM 119:814). Also see "The Westinghouse Alternating Current System," Electrical World 10 (September 3,1887): 125-27; Passer, Electrical Manufacturers, 121,149.
38. Both agents were quoted in W. J. Jenks to J. H. Vail, November 12, 1887 (TAEM 119:849).
39. Edward Johnson to Edison, December 9,1887 (TAEM 119:857).
40. Quotations from Alfred Southwick to Edison, November 8,1887. Edison's response to Southwick's first letter does not survive, but its contents can be surmised from Alfred Southwick to Edison, December 5, 1887 (TAEM 119:321).
41. Quotation from Edison to Alfred Southwick, December 19, 1887 (TAEM 138:355).
CHAPTER 10. THE ELECTRICAL EXECUTION LAW
1. New York Times, March 22,1890.
2. Quotation from Commission Report, 94.
3. Quotations from ibid., 88, 90. Also see Elbridge Gerry, "Capital Punishment by Electricity," North American Review 149 (1889): 321-25.
4. See Ruth Richardson, Death, Dissection and the Destitute (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987), 32-37, 51-53; Gatrell, Hanging Tree, 255-58; Banner, Death Penalty, 76-82. The bodies of executed criminals were also believed to possess magical healing qualities: see Mabel Peacock, "Executed Criminals and Folk-Medicine," Folk-Lore 7 (1896): 268-83.
5. Quotations from New York Museum of Anatomy, undated catalog, Billy Rose Theater Collection of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts; New York Herald, July 9, 1891. Also see Banner, Death Penalty, 80; Luc Sante, Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York (New York: Vintage, 1992), 96-101.
6. Quotation from Commission Report, 89.
7. Quotations from Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), 217, 393, 396. Also see Additional Report of the Commissioners on Capital Punishment of the State of New York (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1892), 23.
8. Quotations from Commission Report, 88-89; New York World, March 22, 1888; New York World, June 6,1888. Also see New York Herald, January 27,1888.
9. Quotations from Additional Report of the Commissioners on Capital Punishment, 8,17.
10. Additional Report of the Commissioners on Capital Punishment. For further comments by Gerry, see New York Herald, January 27, 1888.
11. Quotation from New York Herald, April 18, 1888. Also see Laws of New York (1888), 778-81; New York World, January 18, March 22, May 11, June 5, 1888; New York Times, January 17, May 12, 1888; New York Daily Tribune, March 22, 1888;