Edison and the Electric Chair_ A Story of Light and Death - Mark Essig [154]
8. Quotations from Kemmler Hearings, 52; New York World, June 22, 1888; "Report of the Committee of the Medico-Legal Society on the Best Method of Execution of Criminals by Electricity," Medico-Legal Journal 6 (1888-89): 278. Edison's manacle proposal was endorsed by Electrical Review 12 (June 30,1888): 4; and the Electrician 21 (July 13,1888): 319.
9. "Report of the Committee of the Medico-Legal Society on the Best Method of Execution of Criminals by Electricity," Medico-Legal Journal 6 (1888-89): 278. Also see Banner, Death Penalty, 181.
10. "Report of the Committee of the Medico-Legal Society on the Best Method of Execution of Criminals by Electricity," 278.
11. Kennelly Notebook #1, pp. 90-91, March 12,1889 (TAEM 104:346); New York Times, March 9,13, 1889; New York Star, March 18, 1889 (TAEM 146:431); New York Tribune, March 13,1889.
12. New York Star, May 9,1889; New York Daily Graphic, May 28,1889; Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, June 8,1889, p. 306; Kemmler Hearings, 1015, lxxxiii.
13. Quotation from Fell, "The Influence of Electricity on Protoplasm," 442-43. Also see Buffalo Daily Times, April 30, 1890. Works suggesting, incorrectly, that Stickley did design the first chair include Barry Sanders, A Complex Fate: Gustav Stickley and the Craftsman Movement (New York: Wiley, 1996), 8; Mary Ann Smith, Gustav Stickley: The Craftsman (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1983), 4; Rita Reif, "The Master of Mission," New York Times, July 9,1978, sec. 2, p. 27. On the 1893 electrocution, see New York Herald, July 28,1893.
14. Quotations from Edison to Henry Villard, February 8,1890 (TAEM 140:510); Richmond Times, February 12,1890. While attacking Westinghouse on the question of safety, the Edison forces continued to pursue the matter of alternating current's efficiency. Harold Brown's Sun letters revealed that he wanted to send a Westinghouse dynamo to Johns Hopkins University for efficiency tests. Despite the bad publicity, the tests went ahead as planned, and they showed that the Westinghouse system was far less efficient than claimed. Brown, Kennelly, and Edison worked together to publicize the inefficiency of the Westinghouse system. See Harold P. Brown, A Test of the Efficiency of a Westinghouse Alternating Current Electric Lighting Plant (New York: J. W. Pratt, 1890); Electrician 24 (April 4,1890): 554; Kennelly to Edison, February 15,1890; Kennelly to Brown, February 15, March 30, 1890; Alfred Tate to Edison, March 3, 1890; Harvey Ward Leonard to Tate, March 10, 1890 (TAEM 109:417, 413; 130:666; 140:633; 129:449).
15. Quotations from Richmond Daily Times, February 12, 13, 1890. Also see Richmond Dispatch, February 12,13,1890; Electrical World 15 (February 22,1890): 156; Lewis B. Stillwell, "Alternating Versus Direct Current," Electrical Engineering 53 (1934): 708-10; Hughes, "Harold P. Brown and the Executioner's Current," 155.
16. Quotation from Kennelly to Edison, March 8, 1890 (TAEM 109:433). Also see Kennelly Notebook #3, March 8, 1890; Jacob Herrick to Charles Batchelor, March 3, 1890; Charles Batchelor to Edison, March 3, 1890 (TAEM 104:621, 128: 1098-1100).
17. Quotations from New York Herald, January 23, 1890; New York Times, January 23, 1890. Also see New York Herald, January 24, February 16, 1890; New York Times, February 16, 1890.
18. New York Times, April 4,1890.
19. New York Herald, February 21, March 28,1890; New York Times, February 21, 25, March 1, 2, 4, 12,16,18,19, 21, 27, 29, April 4,19,1890; New York World, March 1, 2, 15,1890; New York Tribune, March 1, 2, 4,15, 28, April 4,1890.
20. Quotations from New York World, December 15, 1888, which printed the opinions of many newspaper reporters on this topic.