Edison and the Electric Chair_ A Story of Light and Death - Mark Essig [155]
21. Quotations from New York Herald, February 13,1890; Additional Report of the Commissioners on Capital Punishment of the State of New York, 19-20. Also see New York Herald, February 15, 1890; New York Times, March 12,1890.
22. 119 N.Y. Reports 569-79 (1890); Denno, "Is Electrocution an Unconstitutional Method of Execution?" 588-89; New York Times, New York World, New York Tribune, February 26, March 22, 1890.
CHAPTER 19. THE CONVERSION OF WILLIAM KEMMLER
1. Quotations from New York World, April 1,1890.
2. Quotation from ibid. Also see New York World, December 31,1889.
3. New York World, April 29,1890.
4. Quotations from New York Herald, April 7,1890.
5. Quotations from ibid., April 7,1890.
6. Quotation from ibid., April 20, 23, 1890. Also see New York World, April 27, 1890.
7. Quotation from Buffalo Evening News, April 29,1890. Also see New York Herald, April 29,1890.
8. New York World, April 30,1890.
9. Quotations from New York World, April 27,1890; Buffalo Evening News, April 29,1890. Also see Auburn Bulletin, April 24, 28,1890; New York World, April 28,1890.
10. Quotations from New York Herald, April 7, 1890; New York World, April 28, 1890.
11. New York World, April 26,1890.
12. Quotation from New York Herald, April 20, 1890. At the time, an ordinary barber's chair meant a simple wooden chair with a footrest. See, for instance, the "American Shaving Chair" in R. Hovenden and Sons, Revised and Illustrated Catalogue of Perfumery, Combs, Brushes . . . (London, 1867), 119, Department of Drawings and Prints, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
13. New York Herald, April 20, 27, 29,1890; New York World, April 26, 29,1890.
14. New York Times, April 29, 30,1890.
15. Reprinted in Electrical Engineer 9 (May 14,1890): 350.
16. New York World, New York Herald, April 30,1890.
17. New York Sun, April 30,1890; New York World, April 30,1890; New York Times, April 30,1890. Also see Fell, "Influence of Electricity," 444-45. Brown's association with the Edison interests continued for some years. He worked with Thomas Edison on insulation, metal alloys, and other products past the turn of the century. He later became a member of the "Edison Pioneers," an association of those who worked with the inventor. In his application to join the Pioneers, he cited his work at the laboratory on "Determination of current best suited for electrical execution" and claimed to have "appeared as his [Edison's] personal representative before the Ohio Legislature" in the matter of restricting alternating current. See Brown folder, Edison Pioneers collection, ENHS. Also see Brown's correspondence with the Edison laboratory, 1893-1905, in TAEM. For Brown's later career as an inventor, see National Cyclopedia of American Biography, volume B (New York: James T. White, 1927), 329-30.
18. Quotations from New York World, April 30,1890; New York Herald, May 4,1890.
19. Quotations from New York Herald, May 4,1890; New York World, May 2,1890; New York Times, May 24,1890. Also see Matthew Hale, "The Kemmler Case," Albany Law Journal 41 (May 10,1890): 364-47.
20. New York Herald, May 4,1890.
21. Ibid., May 1,1890. For Westinghouse's letter to Sherman, see Buffalo Express, August 9, 1890. For estimates of Westinghouse expenses, see New York Tribune, August 7,1890; Scientific American 63 (August 16,1890): 96.
22. 136 U.S. 436 (1890); Denno, "Is Electrocution an Unconstitutional Method of Execution?" 590-92.
23. New York Herald, June 15, 25,1890; New York Times, June 25,1890; Utica Saturday Globe, June 21,1890, typescript reproduction, New-York Historical Society.
24. New York Herald, June 25,1890.
CHAPTER 20. THE FIRST EXPERIMENT
1. New York World, August 7,1890. This chapter is based primarily on coverage in the following newspapers for August 7, 1890: New York World, New York Times, New York Herald, New York Tribune, New York Sun, Buffalo Evening News, Buffalo Express, Buffalo Courier, Auburn Bulletin, Auburn Daily Advertiser. Most of the articles were based on accounts provided by the reporters for the Associated Press and the United Press, the