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only newspaper representatives to witness the execution. The World is a particularly good source because it printed, in addition to its own story, the full A.P. and U.P. reports. Unless otherwise noted, all quotations are from the World. Also see Fell, "Influence of Electricity"; Charles R. Huntley, "The Execution as Seen by an Electrician," Electrical World 16 (August 16,1890): 100; Carlos F. MacDonald, "The Infliction of the Death Penalty by Means of Electricity," New York Medical Journal 33 (May 7,1892): 505-9, 535-42.

2. New York Times, August 2, 4, 6,1890; New York Herald, August 3, 6,1890; Fell, "Influence of Electricity," 447.

3. On Gerry's whereabouts, see New York Sun, August 2,1890.

4. On Spitzka, see Charles E. Rosenberg, The Trial of the Assassin Guiteau: Psychiatry and Law in the Gilded Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968); Dictionary of American Medical Biography, ed. Martin Kaufman et al. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984), 709-10.

5. For details of this discussion, see New York Herald, August 7, 1890; MacDonald, "Infliction of the Death Penalty," 506.

6. Fell, "Influence of Electricity," 449.

7. Ibid., 435.

CHAPTER 21. AFTER KEMMLER

1. The headlines appeared in the August 7,1890, editions of these newspapers.

2. Quotation from Buffalo Express, August 5, 1890. Also see New York Times, August 7,1890; New York Sun, August 6,1890.

3. Quotation from "The First Execution by Electricity," Medical Record 38 (August 9,1890): 154-56. Also see New York Times, New York Herald, August 8,1890.

4. Quotations from New York Herald, August 7, 8,1890.

5. Utica Saturday Globe, August 16, 1890, typescript reproduction, New-York Historical Society; Buffalo Courier, August 8, 1890; New York Tribune, August 7, 1890.

6. Quotations from Buffalo Evening News, August 7, 1890; Electrical Review 16 (August 16,1890). Also see George F. Shrady, "The Death Penalty," Arena 2 (1890): 513-23; "Some Remarks on the Kemmler Vivisection," Electrical Engineer 10 (August 13,1890): 169-70; New York Herald, August 7,1890; Auburn Daily Advertiser, August 7, 1890.

7. Quotations from Public Opinion 9 (1890): 432-35; New York Times, August 7, 1890. Also see Electrical World 16 (August 16,1890): 105.

8. New York Times, August 7,1890.

9. Quotations from Buffalo Eve?nng News, August 6, 1890; New York World, August 7,1890; New York Sun, August 7,1890. Also see Public Opinion 9 (1890): 432-35.

10. Quotation from New York Tribune, October 9, 1890. Also see "The Official Report of the Execution by Electricity," Medical Record 38 (October 18, 1890): 438; MacDonald, "Infliction of the Death Penalty," 505-9; 535-44.

11. Quotations from E. C. Spitzka, "Preliminary Report Concerning the Post Mortem Changes in the First Person Executed by Electricity," Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal n.s. 7 (1890-91): 460-61; Fell, "Influence of Electricity," 449-50. Also see New York Herald, August 7,1890.

12. Quotation from New York Tribune, November 22, 1890. Also see New York Times, November 25,1890; Jugiro v. Brush, 140 U.S. 686.

13. New York Tribune, November 22,1890.

14. Quotations from New York Evening Sun, July 7, 1891, Rockwell Scrapbooks, Bakken Library; New York Herald, July 8, 1891. Also see New York Times, July 8, 1891. A few months later Kennelly did similar work on the ammeter for the Clinton Prison execution plant. Kennelly Notebook #4, pp. 27, 37, 112, December 13, 1890, March 21, 1891 (TAEM 105: 41, 54, 165). On the appeals of the other prisoners, see New York Times, November 26, 28, 30, December 2, 1890, January 8, March 13, 27, April 11, 19, May 12, June 5,12, 13, 1891; New York Herald, January 9, February 18, 1891.

15. Quotations from Carlos MacDonald and S. B. Ward to W R. Brown, July 30,1891, printed in Medico-Legal Journal 9 (1891-92): 167-73.

16. See Marlin Shipman, '"Killing Me Softly'? The Newspaper Press and the Reporting on the Search for a More Humane Execution Technology," American Journalism 13 (1996): 176-205.

17. See New York Herald, July 9,1891; clippings in Rockwell Scrapbooks, Bakken Library.

18.