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By Root 932 0

Anglophile who was well connected in British society. During the war, as a lieutenant commander in the US Navy, Fairbanks had participated in several combined Anglo-American operations. Having witnessed (and participated in) British training and cross-channel harassment operations emphasizing the military art of deception, he attained a depth of understanding and appreciation of military deception then unheard of in the United States Navy (his experiences were recalled in his memoirs, A Hell of a War) and in 1949 he was made an Honorary Knight of the British Empire; Obituary, The Guardian, 8 May 2000.

15 Lothian to Halifax, 14 December 1939, F0800/397; Vansittart to Halifax, 31 December 1939, FO800/324.

16 'Memorandum', CP161(38), September 1938, CAB24/277, pp. 1-7; he would later go on to help edit the Royal Institute for International Affairs' Survey of International Affairs for 1939.

17 Trevor Reese, Australia, New Zealand and the United States: A Survey of International Relations, 1941-1968 (London, 1969), pp. 7-9, 10-31; P. G. A. Orders, Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the Challenge of the United States, 1939-1946: A Study in International History (London, 2003), pp. 17-27.

18 Neville Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 27 January 1940, Neville Chamberlain Papers, NC18/1/1140.

19 John Simon Rofe, 'Prescription and Remedy: Lord Lothian's Influence upon the Tensions in Anglo-American Relations in Early 1940, The Round Table (Vol. 96, No. 389; April 2007), pp. 162-70.

20 David Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance 1937-1941 (London, 1981), pp. 63-102.

21 R. A. C. Parker, 'The American Treasury and British Preparations for War, 1938-1939', English Historical Review (Vol. 98, No. 387; April 1983), pp. 261-79; Alan Milward, The Economic Effects of the Two World Wars on Britain (London, 1972), pp. 66-70.

22 S. Pollard, The Development ofthe British Economy, 1914-1990 (London, 1992), pp. 157-8; Ritchie Overy, 'Cyclops' in Reynolds et al., Allies at War (New York, 1994), pp. 114-15.

23 'Memorandum on Financial Situation', Treasury document, 9 July 1939, CAB24/287.

24 'Memorandum of Conversation with Churchill', 12 March 1940, Welles Report (1940), Part II (Roosevelt Library), PSF 6; Constance Howard, 'The United States of America and the European War, September 1939 to December 1941' in Toynbee and Toynbee (eds), The Initial Triumph of the Axis, pp. 454-6; Christopher D. O'Sullivan, Sumner Welles, Post-War Planning and the Quest for a New World Order, 1937-1943, (Columbia, 2007) 'Record of conversation between Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs and Mr Sumner Welles, 13 March 1940', DO35/1000/3/58.

25 Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, pp. 122-3.

26 Lothian to Halifax, 27 February 1940, DO35/998/7/1; ibid. Halifax to Eden, 15 March 1940; ibid., Stephenson to Parkinson and Machtig, 18 March 1940; ibid., Machtig to Parkinson and Eden, 19 March 1940.

27 Martin Gilbert, In Search of Churchill (London, 1994), pp. 276, 263; he had first visited the United States in 1895, his last visit would come 65 years later. There was even some suggestion that the British wartime leader might have been 1/16th Native American Indian.

28 Colville, The Fringes of Power: Vol. 2, Oct 1941-April 1955 (London, 1987), 2 May 1948, p. 624.

29 Warren F. Kimball (ed.), Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence (Princeton, 1984), p. 23.

30 In December 1940 Churchill had prepared a draft message for Roosevelt complaining about the defects in these destroyers but was persuaded by the FO that it should not be sent. While it is certainly true that most of the newly acquired vessels served only about three years of active service with the Royal Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy, it is not true that they made no militarily important contribution, either in terms of what their presence in the North Atlantic made possible, or in the direct effect of their escort duties on the merchant convoys plying those waters; Charmley, End of Glory, p. 439.

31 The heavy cruiser Louisville (CA-28) departed Simonstown