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language replacement 310, 312

military catastrophe 273

origin of name 517

Peasants’ Revolt 468

Roman invasion 301-304, 310-311

Saxon invasions 304-305, 310-314

see also India; United Kingdom

British and Foreign Bible Society 438

Brough, John, British scholar of Sanskrit 184

Brunei 505, 532

Brythonic languages 291

Buchanan, Claudius, British ranter 499

Buddhism 99, 108, 118, 120, 141, 143, 145n, 146, 147, 151, 158-159, 172, 225, 246

and Pali/Sanskrit 178-179, 189-192, 199-200, 203, 207-212, 214, 217-220, 536

Bukhara 435, 437

Bulgaria 262, 310

Bulgars 261, 306, 425

Burgundians 20

Burma 134, 178, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207-208, 505, 507

Burns, Robert, Scots poet 516

Burundi 105

Business see Trade

Byblos (Gubla) 39, 41, 44, 71-73, 128

Byzantine empire 96, 106, 121, 167, 260, 263n, 329, 425, 427

Byzantium see Constantinople

Cabot, Sebastian, French navigator 349n

Cadiz 45

Caesar, Julius, Roman dynast 277-278, 286, 293, 294, 297, 301

Caesarius of Arelate, Latin writer 308

Calderón de la Barca, Pedro, Spanish dramatist 344

Californios 495

Calhoun, John J., US Senator 488

Calliana 89 see Kalyana

Cambodia 199, 203-206, 417, 514

see also Khmer

Cambyses, king of Persia 47

Camões, Luis Vaz de, Portuguese poet 381-382

Canaan 35n, 69n, 70-71, 78, 110-111, 128

peoples 44, 67

Canaanite languages 129

Canada 411-415, 444, 487, 535

Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer) 470n

Cantiga de Santa Maria (Alfonso X) 384

Canton (Guangzhou) 159-160, 334

Cantonese (Yuè) dialect of Chinese 136, 141, 147, 528

Carian 84

Caribbean 335, 337, 339, 346, 349, 365-366, 379, 411, 412, 419, 479-481, 494

Carlos III, Spanish king 374, 377

Carlos V, Spanish king 367, 377

Carolingian Renaissance 316

Carthage 21, 34, 45-46, 71, 75-78, 97, 241, 290, 292, 293-294, 305, 307n, 536

Cartier, Jacques, French explorer 412, 519

Castile 332, 334, 384, 529

Castilian dialect of Spanish 99-100, 332-333, 364-365, 367, 374, 382, 384, 400, 529

Catalan 300, 320n, 382

Catherine the Great, empress of Russia 410, 431, 433, 434, 435

Cato, Marcus, Roman senator 279

Catullus, poet 330

Caucasus 12, 429, 434

Cavalli-Sforza, Luca, human population geneticist 9n

Caxton, William 468, 471

Celtiberian 288, 291-292, 300, 301

Celtic languages 273, 276, 278, 281-295, 300, 462, 464-465, 517, 554n

Celts 274, 281

Atlantic Celtic 290-291

expansion across Europe 289

failure of Latin in Britain 295-299

Greek view 276

inscriptions 283, 284-285

mass migration 293

and Norman invasions 462-463

tribes 282

see also Gauls

Central Andes 358-359

Central Asia 101, 380, 435, 436-437, 443

Ceylon see Śri Lanka

Chad 98

Chadic languages 36, 98

Chagatay Turkic 106, 435

Chalcedonians 89

Chaldaeans 44, 47, 82, 335

Champlain, Samuel de, French explorer 412

Chandragupta Maurya, king 191, 245

Chang-an (Xian) 90, 91, 151

Chanson de Roland 319, 332n

Chardin, Teilhard de, French theologian 403n

Charlemagne, king 316-317

Charles the Bald, king 317-318

Charles II, king 485

Charles III (the Simple), king 460

Charles V, king 100, 364

Chaucer, Geoffrey, English poet 406, 470

Chechen-Ingush 423n

Chechnya 434

Chibcha (also Muisca/Muysca) 349, 361-364, 367, 568n15, 569n37

Chichimeca 351-352

Chile 339, 358, 373n

China 34

chronological charts 117-122

demographics 530

etymology of the name 137n

examination system 169-171

invasions

barbarian threat 158, 160, 167-170, 276

coping with 167-173

Portugese expeditions 334

Russian 427

and Korea 451

modern name Zhōng-guo 167

population 152-153, 161, 173

racial policy 143

religion 90, 150-152, 158-159, 172, 178

trade 147-149, 159-162, (with India) 506

Western methods 172

Zheng-he tablet 160-161

Chinese 114-116, 134-149, 150, 158-163, 169-172, 328-329, 490, 520, 528, 547

dialects 116, 147, 528, 530

báihuà (white speech) dialect 171-172

Cantonese