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and North America 492

Ghana 508

Gibson, Henry, US comedian 541

Gilbert, Humphrey, English entrepreneur 482

Gildas, British chronicler 311

Gilgamesh Epic 61

Global navigation 538-541

Gnostic sect 90n

Goidelic languages 291

Gök-Tepe (Dostoyevsky) 421-422

Gold 1, 51, 58, 61, 127, 158, 160, 201, 227, 272, 293, 349, 350, 357, 382, 392, 394, 398, 426, 480, 482, 495, 511, 548

Golden Horde 106, 426-427

Gold rush (Brazil) 394, (California) 495, 574n28

Gone with the Wind (Mitchell) 490

Gothic 20, 22, 307

Goths 261, 400, 457

Graddol, David 515, 516n, 544n

Graeco-Roman 191, 293

Gramalica de la lengua castellana (Nebrija) 331

Grammatica Germanicae linguae (Clajus) 573n13

Granada 99, 332-333

Grant, Charles, British reformer 501

Greece 39, 40n

and barbarians 230, 232, 241n, 279, 423

Christian Orthodoxy 264, 269-270

civilisation 233, 268, 520

coins 246-247, 249, 258

colonies 239-243, 245-247

culture 233, 235-238, 241-242, 245, 248, 250-254, 257, 266-268, 271, 298

decline/revival 257-263. 265-266, 267-268, 300, 328

emigration 262-263

fascination with Rome 278-279

Héllēnes 231

Hellēnikón 232

Hellenisation 245, 247-249

influence 229, 232-233, 241-242, 298-299

Olympic games 232

Roman rule 252

Slav incursions 261-262, 264, 309, 314

trade 242

Turkish domination 264-266

see also Alexander the Great

Greek 12, 20-22, 24n, 48, 49, 53, 71, 111, 120, 122, 179, 227-229, 234-238, 241, 248, 264-265, 269-270, 320n, 328, 555

alphabet 156, 242, 251

and Arabic 96-97

Attic dialect 229-230

bilingualism 246, 249, 251-252, 258

borrowing words 269-270

characteristics 234-238

classification by Scaliger 277n

dialects 232, 235-237

and Egypt 129-134, 164-166

Gaulish inscriptions 286-287

grammar 180, 182, 235, 238n, 476

inscriptions 83-84, 240, 242, 247, 249, 258

literary heritage 254-257, 575n48

New Testament 87

and Queen Cleopatra 131n

and Sanskrit 190-192

scripts 173, 241

spread of 76-78, 86, 96, 108, 229-230, 238, 239-254, 490

world language 229-230

Gregory of Tours, Frankish historian 315

Grijalva, Juan de, Spanish explorer 348, 349

Guadeloupe 415

Guangzhou (Canton) 159-160, 334

Guaraní 349, 361-364, 370-371, 376, 393

Guatemala 183, 337, 339, 372

Gubla see Byblos

Gudea of Lagash 58

Gurkhali 176

Guru Granth Sahib 216

Gutenberg, Johannes, German printing pioneer 326

Guugu Yimidhirr 4

Habiru 42, 70, 111

Habsburg dynasty 448

Haite 4151

Hakka dialect of Chinese 147

Hakluyt, Richard, English publicist 479

Ham 35n

Hamadan 43

Hamito-Semitic languages 36, 97, 122

Hammurabi, king of Babylonia 53, 61

Hàn dynasty 118, 138, 140, 169

Hangzhou 151

Hannibal, Carthaginian general 77, 252, 294

Hanno, Carthaginian explorer 75

Harūn al-Rashid, Caliph 98

Hasmonaean kingdom 248

Hastings, Warren, governor-general of Bengal 497

Hatshepsut, female pharaoh 151n

Hattic 41, 41n

Hattusas 41, 61-62

Hausa 36, 97n, 101, 102n, 527n, 530

Hawaii 509-510

Hebrew 78-80, 93, 335, 520n, 537

and Arabic 110-111

archaeological finds 32

copied texts 78

deportations 65, 79-80

gematria tradition 217

grammar 68n

Greek texts 248

language survival 80n, 90, 93, 110, 217

linguistic unity 20

liturgical use 248

people (Jews) 42, 44, 164, 166, 247, 537

pronunciation 68n, 70, 73

and Queen Cleopatra 131

relative/similar languages 35n, 50, 60n, 70

scriptures

2 Kings 65

Daniel 82

Esther 81

Ezekiel 68n, 73-74

Ezra 80n, 82

Genesis 58, 73

Isaiah 79

Jeremiah 81, 84

Nehemiah 80n

Psalms 80

Heliodorus, Greek ambassador 192, 247

Heliopolis 127

Hélou, Charles 420

Helvetii 286, 293

Henry II, English king 460n, 464

Henry the Navigator, Portuguese prince 382, 385

Henry VIII, English king 465, 478

Heraclitus, philosopher 234

Heraclius, emperor 260-261

Hernández de Córdoba, Francisco, Spanish conquistador 348, 349

Herodotus 31, 130n,