Empires of the Word - Nicholas Ostler [348]
Hesiod 182, 236
Hezekiah, king of Judah 78-79
hieroglyphs see writing
Higden, Ranulph, English chronicler 467
Hildebrandslied 273
Hindi 177-178, 223, 528-530, 536; see also Urdu
Hinduism 21, 175, 178-180, 196, 198, 199, 202, 206, 207, 209, 214, 217, 220-221, 225, 504
Hispaniola 337-338, 343, 346n
Hispanización 373-377
Historia Chichimeca (Ixtilxóchitl) 344
Historia Francorum (Gregory of Tours) 315
Hittite 24n, 31, 33, 39, 41, 44, 46, 50, 62, 67, 84, 196, 514
Hmong 134, 141
Hokusai, Katsushika, Japanese artist 22
Holy Roman Empire 411, 447-448
Homer, Greek poet 44n, 231-232, 236, 237n, 251, 474n
Hong Kong 149, 507
Horace, Roman poet 250
Hossein Khan, Sied Gholam, Mughal historian 496
Huastec 346, 355
Huguenots 409, 412
Hūna 106
Hungarian 309n
Hunni 106, 139n
Huns, invasions by 261, 306, 309, 555
Huron 412n
Hurrian 33, 39, 41, 50, 62, 196
Hyksos kings 119, 164
I will Praise the Lord of Wisdom 30
Iamblikhos, Greek novelist 68n
Iamhad (Aleppo) 41
Iberia 45, 99, 290, 299, 301, 307, 382
Ibn Hauqal, Arabic historian 98
Ibn Khaldūn, Arabic travel writer 100
Ibn Wahab, Arab visitor to China 158
Iceland 314, 447n
Ika 363
Iliad 44n, 231, 236
Immigration see Population movement
Imperial languages
reasons for spread 380-381, 446, 576n70
reasons for survival 444 446
Inanna 49, 51-52, 55
Incas 12, 21, 338, 342-343, 344-345, 348, 356-357, 360, 372-373, 377
Index Librorum Prohibitorum 326
India 34, 38
Arabic 101
bilingualism 497
and Britain/English 12, 19, 108, 187, 223-225, 496-505 and China 147, 159, 192-194, 506
civilisation 202-207, 222-226
culture 179, 180
demographics 530
Devanāgari script 223
English education 499-505
French colonies 416
and Greek 190-192
Greek campaigns 245
modern Aryan languages 177
Muslim invasions 212-213, 222
Persian language 99, 108, 187, 223, 497, 503 and Portuguese trade 334, 391, 399, 497
Protestantism 499-504
spread of English 503-505; second-language speakers 515
trade 199-207, 536
see also Sanskrit
Indian Ocean 416-417, 419, 446
Indic scripts 85n, 156, 202-203, 211-212, 223, 246
Indiká (Megasthenes) 191
Indo-Aryan languages 41, 196
Indo-China 178, 203, 206, 207, 215-216, 380, 400, 413, 417-419, 520
Indo-European languages 23n, 41, 42-43, 183, 195-196, 214, 289, 292, 301, 554-555
Indo-Greeks 192, 257-258
Indo-Iranian languages 176
Indo-Portuguese Creole 390
Indonesia, 147n, 161, 191, 380, 400, 403, 506n, 532
Indradevi, Cambodian queen 206
Insubrians 285-286, 288
Interpreters 3, 75, 82, 131, 192, 335, 341-343, 344, 355, 357, 363, 365, 388, 440, 497
Interracial families 308, 313, 343-344, 376, 414
see also Mestizo
Introductiones Latinae (Nebrija) 345
Investment see Trade
Inyotef, pharaoh 127
Ionic dialect of Greek 236, 237n, 242n
Ionians 236, 237n
Ipuwer, Admonitions of 163-164
Irakli, Georgian king of Kartalina-Kakhetia 434
Iran 21, 38, 43, 47-48, 86, 96, 257
and Arabic 98, 101
see also Parthia, Persian
Iranian languages 109, 186, 219, 246, 258
Iraq 35, 55
Ireland 290-291, 518
emigration to America 491
and the Normans 464
Norse language 447n
plague 313
Statute of Kilkenny 464
Irenaeus (Saint), Christian apologist 299
Irish (Gaelic) 274, 276, 300, 464-465, 469, 517
Isis 255
Islam 22, 49, 94, 96
Arabic script 97n
auxiliary languages 106
banned by Spain 333
spread of 10, 95, 98-99, 101, 108, 110-111, 134, 158, 159, 164, 209, 213, 216, 307n, 377, 537
Isidorus of Charax, Greek travel writer 258
Italian 331, 528-529, 531
Italic languages 273, 291n
Italy 240-242
and French 410
and Latin 12, 293-294, 535
population 153, 153n
Romance languages 320
see also Oscan
Ivan III, Tsar 426-427
Ivan IV (’the Terrible’), Tsar 426-427, 431, 440
Ixtilxóchitl, Fernando de Alva, Nahuatl historian, 344
Jainism 189-190
Jamestown 477n, 479
Japan
Buddhism