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vocabulary 183-184

written text 183, 194, 209

Śāntarak⋅ita, Buddhist monk 178

Santo Tomás, Fray Domingo, Spanish friar 334, 356

Saqqara 81

Sarawak 505

Sardinia 45, 71, 76

Sargon I, king of Agade 35, 37, 40, 51, 60

Sargon II, king of Assyria 65

Sassanid dynasty 96, 98, 108, 259, 260

Satavahana, Indian king 189n

Satire on Trades 156

Śaurasenī 188

Saxon, Germanic language 307

Saxon England 312, 460

invasions 304-305, 310-314

Scaliger, Joseph Justus, Dutch philologist 277n

Scandinavia 19, 313, 516

Schiller, Friedrich, German dramatist 446, 448

Schloezer, A.L., German philologist 35n

Scotland 447n, 463-464, 518

scribes 67, 82, 155-156

Scyles, Scythian Hellenophile 243

Scythian 48, 108, 186

Scythians 43, 186, 219, 241, 243, 246, 257, 276, 335

Secret History of the Mongols 145

Seleuceia on the Eulaeus 258, 561, see also Susa

Seleuceia on the Tigris 258, 561

Seleucid dynasty 55, 108, 190, 191, 247, 248-249, 257, 258, 293

Seljuk dynasty 21, 101, 106, 263, 265

Semitic languages 35, 36-38, 40, 41, 43, 47, 60-62, 65, 70, 72n, 78, 93, 110-111, 122, 129, 250, 292, 517

1-10 in Akkadian, Aramaic and Arabic 37n, 38

characteristics 35-37

Senghor, Léopold, Senegalese president 420

Sennacherib, king of Assyria 50, 65, 83

Septuagint Bible 248

Sequoya, Cherokee 154

Serbia 262

Serbo-Croat 97n

Serbs 430n

Seti I, pharaoh 126

Severus, Sulpicius, Roman historian 300

Seville 99

Shabaka Stone (bearing Memphite theology) 113-114

Shakespeare, William, English dramatist 22, 334, 473-474n, 477

Shāng dynasty 118, 136

Shanghai 149

Shem 35n

Shi Huang Di, Chinese emperor 137-138, 151, 156

Shia/Shiite tradition 98

Shoshenq dynasty 127, 129

Showen Jiezi of Xu Shen 138

Shusim 56 see also Susa

Siam 207

Siberia 80, 101, 380, 423, 428, 432, 436, 444-445

Sicily 45, 71, 239-241

Siddha script 156

Sidetic 84

Sidon/Sidonians 35n, 44, 71

Sierra Leone 508

Sihanouk, Norodom, Cambodian prince 420

Sikhism 216

Silenos and Sosylos, Greek annalists with Hannibal 77

Simhala people 176 see also Sinhala

Simonsz, Cornelius Jan, Dutch governor of Ceylon 389

Sind 93

Singapore 149, 505, 507, 532, 548

Sinhala 198, 544

Sino-Russian border 427

Sino-Tibetan languages 134, 138, 141

Sinoxenic dialects 162

Slave trade 105, 344, 365, 391, 415, 416n, 418, 480, 508, 539n

Slavs 274, 280-281, 304-309, 310, 423

incursions into Greece 261-262, 264, 309, 314

Slavic/Slavonic languages 262, 273, 275, 277, 309-310, 422, 425, 429, 447

Slovaks 430n

Slovenians 430n

Slovo o Polku Igoreve, Russian heroic lay 426

Smith, Captain John, English colonist 481n

Socrates, Greek philosopher 183

Sogdian 21, 48, 98-99, 106, 108, 546

Soma, also Liuye, legendary queen of Funan 4

Somalia 97n, 104

Song dynasty 142-143, 147

Song-Yun, Chinese pilgrim 193

Son’s Books 145

Soto, Hernando de, Spanish conquistador 337, 339, 344

South Africa

and Dutch 399, 411

and English 19, 507

South America 12, 333, 362, 419, 444

South Pacific 508

South-East Asia 101, 159, 160, 178

and English 506-507

and Sanskrit 199-213, 536

scripts 202-203

Spain 14, 14-16, 332-346, 347-350, 478, 482, 486, 494-495, 509, 519

Arabic script 97n

and China 148

and Christianity 332

empire and language 373-377

and French 410

Islam banned 333

Jews expelled 333

and Latin 12

Muslim presence 99-100, 554

Phoenician settlements 46n, 71

Roman control 301

see also Americas, Caribbean, Philippines

Spanish 7, 179, 300, 307, 331, 340, 373-377, 472

Castilian 332-333

colonizing language 325n, 380, 400, 446, 495, 527-528

Romance 320n, 332

style contrasted with Nahuatl 14-15

world language 525-533

Spanish-American War 340, 377

Sparta 82, 236, 240

Spaulding, Augustine, British merchant 323

Śri Lanka 160, 176, 178, 199, 201, 389-391, 399, 401, 544

Śri Vijaya 147, 203

Stalin, Josef,