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Quechua 21, 342, 344-346, 355-360, 363, 369, 372-373, 444, 519, 521n, 557

Queensland 80

Quiller-Couch, Sir Arthur 474n

Qum 98

Quôc-ngu (’National Language’, Vietnamese romanized script) 414n

Qur’ān 94, 97n, 98, 216, 521

Quti/Qutium 40, 43

Racine, Jean, French dramatist 410

Raffles, Stamford, British developer 399, 402, 506

Rājaśekhara, Sanskrit poet 189

Rajasinha II, Ceylonese emperor 388

Ralegh, Sir Walter, English adventurer 477n, 479

Rāmāyana (Valmīki) 176, 184, 198

Ramses II, pharaoh 126

Ramses III, pharaoh 127

Reclus, Onésime 404n

Reconquista (Christian reconquest of Spain) 99

Reformation 367, 407, 409, 412, 447, 517

Religion 21-22, 24, 25, 86-93, 94-96, 126

Renaissance 265, 409, 544

Rhodes, Alexandre de, French missionary 413, 414n

’Rich trades’ 397

Richard II, English king 468

Richard II (Shakespeare) 477

Richelieu, Cardinal, French statesman 409, 410, 412

Rivarol, Antoine de, French writer 410n

Roanoke, English colony 477, 487

Roderik, Visigothic king 99

Rolfe, John, British tobacco entrepreneur 481

Roman de Rou (Wace) 458-459

Roman empire 20, 76, 96, 101n, 111, 121, 140, 150, 164-167, 245

alphabet 242

boundary (liabar;mes) 277, 297

collapse in the West 305

conquests 275

expansion 251, 293

Fourth Crusade 263, 270

and Greek 250-254, 255, 269

immigration 275

see also Latin

Roman republic 278-279, 297

Romance languages 20, 98, 99, 175, 304, 307, 310, 314, 317-321, 325, 382, 405, 407, 460, 519, 526 Romanian 291n, 309

Romanov dynasty 431

Romantic movement 266, 448

Romans 45, 48, 71, 295-299

Rome

expansion westward 296

and Greek 298

and Latin 298, 300

sack of 293

Rosenblat, Angel 373

Rosetta Stone 165n

Roux, Georges, French assyrologist 63

Roy, Ram Mohan, Indian intellectual 502, 510

Royal Asiatic Society 185

Rushdie, Salman, Indian writer in English 577n7

Russia 106

and China 427

expansion

Cossack invasions 427-428

east and west 427-432

immigration 423, 433, 435

Korean population 423n

of Muscovy 428, 430

Russia (cont.)

north and south 432-437

origins 422n, 423-427

and French culture 410-411

Holy Synod Act 435

and Japan 433, 452

’literary languages’ 442

Muslim populations 434-435, 439

Russian 24n, 108, 421n, 422, 431, 433, 520, 528-529, 531

army’s linguistic unity 438-439

bilingualism 440

colonizing language 325n, 427, 434, 437, 446

Cyrillic alphabet 442

ideological language 444

literature 439-440

mass literacy 441-442

missionaries 429

orthography 442

poor prospects 444-446

Soviet policy 441-444

status 437-441

Soviet Union 441-444

Russian Academy 439

Russian Bible Society, Imperial 438

Russian Orthodox Church 423, 425, 434, 437-438

Russo-Japanese War 452

Rwanda 105

Sabah 505

Saddam Hussein, Iraqi dictator 35

Sahagún, Fray Bernardo de, Spanish friar 368

Sahidic dialect of Coptic 92

St Thomas Christians 88

Sais 130, 151, 165

šaka 43, 48

šaka era dating system 219n

šaka-Khotanese 108

Sale, Kirkpatrick 335n, 336n

Samaria 56, 65

Samaritan Christians 87

Samarkand 21, 93, 106, 108, 437

San 22

Sanchuniathon of Beirut, Phoenician mythographer 72-73

Sanskrit 20, 21, 24n, 92, 174-176, 238

in Central and East Asia 207-213

Buddhist Hybrid dialect 190

chants 145n

characteristics 180-185, 194, 205

charm of 214-218

and Chinese 192-194, 209

dialects 175, 189

disadvantages 218-222

in drama 188

and Greek 190-192

in India 185-190, 195-199

liturgical 175-176, 178-179, 185, 208, 225, 238, 520, 536

Prakrit 175, 178, 185, 187-188, 190, 192, 214, 218-219, 223, 246-247

pronunciation 157, 174n, 217

and religion 189-190, 192

scripts 174n, 194, 202, 206, 209, 211

in South-East Asia 4, 21, 159, 162, 199-207

speaker populations 12

spread of 141, 176-179, 195-199, 214, 219, 238

supplanted 212-213, 574n38

survival of 222-226

sutras 181-183

Vedic/Vedas