FDR - Jean Edward Smith [454]
11. Raymond Moley, After Seven Years 151 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939).
12. Ibid. 152. The bills were copies of the national banknote series of 1929 and printed from the same plates. They carried the phrase “National Currency— secured by United States bonds deposited with the Treasurer of the United States of America or by like deposit of other securities.” The New York Times, March 14, 1933.
13. The drafting was largely the work of Walter Wyatt, general counsel of the Federal Reserve Board. Moley, After Seven Years 152.
14. FDR held 337 press conferences during his first term. He scheduled his conferences for 10:00 A.M. Wednesday, and—to give the morning papers a break—4:00 P.M. on Friday. Attendance was limited to the White House press corps. Editors and visiting journalists saw the president separately. Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the New Deal 224n (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).
15. First Press Conference, March 8, 1933, 2 Public Papers and Addresses 30–38.
16. The New York Times, March 9, 1933.
17. Graham J. White, FDR and the Press 7; Richard Lee Strout, in Katie Louchheim, ed., The Making of the New Deal: The Insiders Speak 13 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983). In addition to writing for The Christian Science Monitor, Strout wrote the weekly “TRB” column in The New Republic. Also see Theodore G. Joslin, “President Meets the Press,” Sunday Star (Washington, D.C.), March 4, 1934, reprinted in 2 Public Papers and Addresses 40–45.
18. Liva Baker, The Justice from Beacon Hill 641 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991); Catherine Drinker Bowen, Yankee from Olympus 414 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1945). Holmes served as a captain of the 20th Massachusetts Infantry, fought at Balls Bluff, Fair Oaks, Malvern Hill, and Antietam, and was wounded three times, twice so seriously that he was given up for dead.
19. Time, March 20, 1933.
20. Holmes to FDR, March 16, 1933, FDRL.
21. Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall: Definer of the Constitution 517–518 (New York: Henry Holt, 1996). Also see Charles Warren, 1 The Supreme Court in United States History 758–760 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1926).
22. Worcester v. Georgia, 6 Peters (31 U.S.) 515 (1832). Horace Greeley’s gratuitous attribution first appears in volume 1 of his The American Conflict 106 (Hartford, Conn.: O. D. Case, 1864).
23. “Recommendation to the Congress for Legislation to Control Resumption of Banking,” March 9, 1933, 2 Public Papers and Addresses 45–47.
24. The New York Times, March 10, 1933.
25. Ibid.
26. The seven senators to vote against the Emergency Banking Act were William E. Borah (Idaho); Robert Carey (Wyoming); Porter Dale (Vermont); Robert La Follette (Wisconsin); Gerald Nye (North Dakota); Edward Costigan (Colorado); and Henrik Shipstead (Minnesota).
27. Moley, After Seven Years 154. “I shall never forget the look of joy on the faces of [California senators] Hiram Johnson and William McAdoo when I stepped out of Woodin’s office to give them the news,” wrote Moley.
28. The comment was made by FDR to J.F.T. O’Connor, a California lawyer, when he appointed O’Connor comptroller of the currency in May 1933. O’Connor, diary, May 29, 1933.
29. Lindley, Roosevelt Revolution 87–89.
30. The text of FDR’s message is in 2 Public Papers and Addresses 49–51.
31. Enacted March 20, 1933, 48 Stat. 8.
32. Roosevelt acknowledged his debt to McDuffie by appointing him to the U.S. District Court in Alabama the following year.
33. The New York Times, March 11, 1933.
34. “The First Fireside Chat,” March 12, 1933, 2 Public Papers and Addresses 61–66. The initial draft was prepared by Charles Michelson of the Democratic National Committee and was vetted by Hoover’s undersecretary of the Treasury, Arthur Ballantine. FDR took the vetted draft and rewrote it Sunday afternoon, dictating to Grace Tully and putting it into language easily comprehensible to the average citizen. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Coming of the New Deal 12–13 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958).
35. Will Rogers, Sanity