FDR - Jean Edward Smith [472]
42. The ranking is that of Army chief of staff Malin Craig, in U.S. Department of State, Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941 55 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943).
43. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 419, quoting Robert A. Divine, The Reluctant Belligerent: American Entry into World War II 55 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969).
44. 7 Public Papers and Addresses 491–494. Secretary Hull, with FDR’s approval, spoke to the National Press Club on March 17, 1938, stressing the need for rearmament. For Welles, see Cordell Hull, 1 Memoirs 576–577 (New York: Macmillan, 1948).
45. Radio Address to the Herald Tribune Forum, October 26, 1938. 7 Public Papers and Addresses 563–566.
46. Gallup Poll, October 14, 1938. 1 The Gallup Polls 121.
47. The New York Times, November 11, 1938.
48. Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 430–434. To preserve their international credit ratings, the insurance companies paid the claims, but the German government confiscated the money and returned most of it to the insurers.
49. Press Conference, November 15, 1938, 7 Public Papers and Addresses 596–598.
50. Ibid.
51. Herbert Hoover, 1 Public Papers of the President … Messages, Speeches, and Statements 36–40 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974). Proclamation 1872, “Limiting the Immigration of Aliens into the United States on the Basis of National Origin.”
52. Arthur Morse, While Six Million Died 288 (New York: Random House, 1968).
53. Cantril, Public Opinion 1081.
54. Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt 491.
55. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 414.
56. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 348–349 (New York: Viking Press, 1946).
57. Press conference, November 18, 1938, 7 Public Papers and Addresses 603–604. Despite widespread public disapproval, Roosevelt assisted some 150,000 refugees to enter the United States between the Anschluss and Pearl Harbor. “I only wish I could do more,” he wrote investment banker Robert Lehman in New York. Harry L. Feingold, The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust, 1938–1945 24 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1970).
58. Among those present were Morgenthau; Hopkins; Assistant Secretary of War Louis Johnson; Solicitor General Robert Jackson; Army chief of staff General Malin Craig; Major General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold, chief of the Army Air Corps; and Brigadier General George C. Marshall, deputy chief of staff.
59. John Morton Blum, 2 From the Morgenthau Diaries 48–49 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965).
60. Quoted in David Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor 48 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2001).
61. “Supplemental Appropriations for National Defense,” Message to Congress, January 12, 1939, 8 Public Papers and Addresses 70–74.
62. 7 Public Papers and Addresses 613–621.
63. Hopkins memorandum, FDRL, quoted in Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 114 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948).
64. A useful summary of FDR’s role is provided in William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason, 1 The Challenge to Isolation: The World Crisis of 1937–1940 and American Foreign Policy 45–49 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952).
65. 13 Complete Presidential Press Conferences 91.
66. Transcript, Conference with the Senate Military Affairs Committee, January 31, 1939, Item 1565, 8 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, Donald B. Schewe, ed. (New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1979). The transcript indicates FDR’s statement was met with applause from the senators.
67. Ibid.
68. Gallup Polls, September 29, 1939, 1 Gallup Polls 182–183. Also see Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: Into the Storm 409 (New York: Random House, 1993).
69. “They have crucified my husband,” said Mrs. Craig, speaking of the rivalry between Woodring and Johnson. Quoted in Forrest C. Pogue, 1 George C. Marshall: Education of a General 318 (New York: Viking Press, 1963).
70. Ibid. 325–330.
71. The amendment was narrowly adopted 159–157 after many