FDR - Jean Edward Smith [471]
21. “Memorandum to the Secretary of State,” December 13, 1937, 6 Public Papers and Addresses 541–542.
22. Ibid. 542n. In addition to the shipping and personnel losses, the U.S. bill included $74.27 to reimburse the Post Office Department for lost stamps. Koginos, Panay Incident 73.
23. United States Congress, 75th Cong., 1st Sess., Congressional Directory 33 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1937).
24. George Gallup, 1 The Gallup Polls: Public Opinion, 1935–1971 71 (New York: Random House, 1972).
25. Radio Address by Louis Ludlow, November 29, 1937, Legislative Division, National Archives.
26. Cordell Hull, 1 The Memoirs of Cordell Hull 563–564 (New York: Macmillan, 1948).
27. FDR to Bankhead, January 6, 1938, 7 Public Papers and Addresses 36–37.
28. In a public telegram to FDR on December 20, 1937, Landon congratulated the president for the uncompromising stand he had taken opposing the amendment. “Many members of Congress from both parties,” he said, “seem to have forgotten the basic principle of American politics and wish to create the impression on foreign governments that they do not trust your administration of foreign affairs.” Quoted in The Christian Science Monitor, December 21, 1937.
Knox, publisher of the Chicago Daily News, called the amendment “an idea that could be harbored only by persons utterly ignorant of the realities of international life and death,” Chicago Daily News, December 18, 1937. Stimson, whose letter occupied three quarters of the editorial page in the Times, and who was also given extensive front-page coverage, said of the proposal that “No more effective engine for the disruption of national unity on the threshold of a national crisis could ingeniously have been devised.” The New York Times, December 22, 1937.
29. U.S. Congress, Congressional Record 276–283 (January 10, 1938).
30. Ibid. In addition to the official 188–209 tally, 10 members were paired, 2 voted present, 23 abstained, and there were 3 vacancies. Bertrand Snell of New York, the Republican leader, voted against the resolution.
31. Article 88 of the Treaty of Saint-Germain, one of the “suburb treaties” negotiated simultaneously with the Treaty of Versailles, proclaimed Austria’s independence to be inalienable and made the League of Nations its guarantor.
32. On March 10, 1938, Premier Camille Chautemps and his cabinet resigned, and it was not until the thirteenth of March that a new government under Léon Blum was installed.
33. In his testimony at Nuremberg on August 9, 1946, Field Marshal Erich von Manstein said the chief worry of the military at the time of the Anschluss was whether Italy would intervene because “Italy always sided with Austria and the Hapsburgs.” Quoted in William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 345n (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1959).
34. “The hard fact is that nothing could have arrested what actually has happened unless this country and other countries had been prepared to use force,” Chamberlain told Parliament on March 14, 1938. Ibid. 353.
35. Ibid. 350.
36. 11 Complete Presidential Press Conferences 223–226.
37. FDR to John Cudahy (U.S. minister to the Irish Free State), March 9, 1938, 3 Roosevelt Letters 232.
38. Quoted in Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom 449 (New York: PublicAffairs, 2003). Also see Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 408–409.
39. Chamberlain’s remarks were made September 27, 1938, and reported in all major newspapers the following day.
40. Quoted in Joachim C. Fest, Hitler 567, 572 (New York: Harcourt Brace Janovich, 1974); Black, FDR 476. Mussolini was the only one of the four at Munich who spoke all four languages. As a result he played a role in the negotiations that was not always appreciated. Note that the Czech government was not represented. That was at Hitler’s insistence, to which Britain and France agreed.
41. Ickes, 2 Secret Diaries 469. FDR feared that Chamberlain was so eager to appease Hitler that “in the interest of world peace” he might cede Trinidad to Germany and convince