FDR - Jean Edward Smith [480]
83. Ted Morgan, FDR: A Biography 533 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985).
84. The rumors of Welles’s behavior eventually filtered back to the Oval Office, and on January 3, 1941, FDR ordered J. Edgar Hoover to conduct “a full and thorough investigation.” The FBI deployed its top agents, and on January 29, 1941, Hoover reported to Roosevelt that the accusations were true. No further action was taken until August 1943, when Hull used the incident to force Welles’s resignation. Hoover memorandum, January 30, 1941, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. File, quoted in Irwin F. Gellman, Secret Affairs: FDR, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles 237 (New York: Enigma Books, 1995). Gellman treats the Hull-Welles relationship with great insight and perception.
85. Joseph Barnes, Willkie: The Events He Was Part of, the Ideas He Fought For 156 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1952).
86. Quoted in Steve Neal, Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie 29 (New York: Doubleday, 1984).
87. Ibid. 50.
88. FDR’s comment was to Lowell Mellett, a presidential aide, and was recorded on the primitive recording system David Sarnoff had installed in the Oval Office for Roosevelt. FDR Tapes, FDRL.
89. Quoted in Neal, Dark Horse 144. The film State of the Union, starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn, is a takeoff on the Willkie campaign, and Hepburn, the candidate’s estranged wife, travels with him on the campaign trail.
90. Ibid. 43.
91. Peters, Five Days 175.
92. 1940 The Gallup Poll 244–245.
93. Quoted in Morgan, FDR 540.
94. Ibid.
95. Quoted in Freidel, A Rendezvous with Destiny 354.
96. Burns, The Lion and the Fox 443.
97. Barnes, Willkie 226.
98. Burns, The Lion and the Fox 445.
99. 1940 The Gallup Poll 247.
100. Ickes, 3 Secret Diaries 352.
101. 9 Public Papers and Addresses 481.
102. Address at Philadelphia, October 23, 1940. Ibid. 485–495.
103. Burns, The Lion and the Fox 447.
104. 9 Public Papers and Addresses 488.
105. Address at Madison Square Garden, October 28, 1940. Ibid. 490–510.
106. Address at Boston, Massachusetts, October 30, 1940. Ibid. 514–524.
107. Quoted in Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny 355.
108. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt 242.
109. Ibid. 249.
110. Address at Cleveland, Ohio, October 2, 1940. 9 Public Papers and Addresses 544–553.
111. Gallup Poll, November 4, 1940. The Gallup Poll 249–250.
112. In 1908 voting turnout was 65.4 percent. Note that American turnout figures are based on the entire voting-age population. In Europe, Canada, and Australia turnout figures are given as a proportion of the registered voters. That explains why turnout figures in those countries are inevitably higher. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States 1071–1072 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975).
113. One of the best analyses of the 1940 election remains Samuel Lubell’s classic The Future of American Politics 51–57 (New York: Harper & Row, 1952).
114. Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 118.
TWENTY-TWO | Arsenal of Democracy
The epigraph is from FDR’s fireside chat, December 29, 1940. 9 Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt 633–644, Samuel I. Rosenman, ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1941).
1. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom 22 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970).
2. WSC to FDR, November 6, 1940, quoted in Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence 119–120, Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley, and Manfred Jonas, eds. (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1975).
3. David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 465 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
4. WSC to FDR, November 6, 1940, quoted in Roosevelt and Churchill 119.
5. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life 679–681 (New York: Henry Holt, 1991); Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 632.
6. Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography 631n (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001).
7. 16 Complete Presidential Press