FDR - Jean Edward Smith [481]
8. William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason, Undeclared War 229 (New York: Harper & Row, 1952). Also see John Morton Blum, 2 From the Morgenthau Diaries 201–203 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965).
9. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 222 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948).
10. Ibid. 224.
11. Winston S. Churchill, Their Finest Hour 558 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949); Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 467.
12. The full text of Churchill’s December 8 message together with earlier drafts is in 1 Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence 89–109, Warren F. Kimball, ed. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984). Also see Churchill, Their Finest Hour 558–567. An abbreviated version appears in Roosevelt and Churchill 122–126.
13. Churchill, Their Finest Hour 567.
14. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 224.
15. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt 605 (New York: PublicAffairs, 2003).
16. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 225.
17. Blum, 2 From the Morgenthau Diaries 208.
18. A useful summary of FDR’s actions is provided by Warren F. Kimball in The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939–1941 119–125 (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969).
19. Press Conference, December 17, 1940. 16 Complete Presidential Press Conferences 350–355.
20. Churchill, Their Finest Hour 569.
21. FDR, “Fireside Chat,” December 29, 1940, 9 Public Papers and Addresses 633–644.
22. Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt 607.
23. 9 Public Papers and Addresses 633–644 (emphasis added).
24. Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt 262 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952); also see Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 227.
25. Jon Meacham, Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Relationship 79 (New York: Random House, 2003).
26. Langer and Gleason, The Undeclared War 249; The Gallup Poll 262 (interviewing dates January 11–16, 1941).
27. 1 Churchill and Roosevelt 120.
28. Annual Message, January 6, 1941, 9 Public Papers and Addresses 663–672.
29. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 231.
30. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt 262–263.
31. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 233–234.
32. James Roosevelt and Sidney Shalett, Affectionately, F.D.R. 325 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1959).
33. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 2–3.
34. 1 Churchill and Roosevelt 131. On January 28, 1941, Churchill wrote FDR, “I received Willkie yesterday and was deeply moved by the verse of Longfellow’s which you quoted. I shall have it framed as a souvenir of these tremendous days as a mark of our friendly relations.” Ibid. 134.
35. Kimball, Most Unsordid Act 77–104; Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 472–473; Steve Neal, Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie 187 (New York: Doubleday, 1984).
36. A January 27, 1941, Gallup Poll indicated FDR enjoyed a 71 percent approval rating. On Lend-Lease, respondents were 68 percent in favor on January 22; 69 percent in favor on February 10; 56 percent in favor on February 28; and 76 percent in favor on March 10. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971 262–268 (New York: Random House, 1972).
37. Neal, Dark Horse 203–206. Also see The New York Times, February 12, 1941.
38. Annual Address to the White House Correspondents Association, March 15, 1941, 10 Public Papers and Addresses 63.
39. Winston S. Churchill, The Grand Alliance 123–139 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951).
40. 10 Public Papers and Addresses 96–98.
41. FDR to WSC, April 11, 1941, 1 Churchill & Roosevelt 166.
42. 738th Press Conference, April 25, 1941, 10 Public Papers and Addresses 133–135. An April 23 Gallup Poll indicated that only 41 percent of Americans favored convoying British ships, while 50 percent were opposed. The Gallup Poll 275.
43. Gallup Polls, April 7, 18, 23, 28, 1941. Ibid. 273–276.
44. Blum, 2 From the Morgenthau Diaries 254. “The President said that public opinion was not yet ready for the United States to convoy ships,” Morgenthau wrote after an