FDR - Jean Edward Smith [483]
79. Geoffrey C. Ward, Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley 141 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995).
80. Churchill, Grand Alliance 663.
81. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 363.
82. Ibid. 241.
83. Churchill, Grand Alliance 432.
84. Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt 653.
85. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It 33.
86. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 496; Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill 1173. Also see Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 285 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
87. War cabinet minutes, August 19, 1941, quoted in Joseph P. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 1931–1941 402 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976).
88. Wilson, First Summit 210–211. For text, see 1 Foreign Relations of the United States, 1941 822–823 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948). Also see Maurice Matloff and Edwin M. Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942 53–62 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1953). For the joint message to Stalin, see 10 Public Papers and Addresses 317–319.
89. For the text of the Atlantic Charter, see Foreign Relations of the United States, 1941 367–369. Also see 10 Public Papers and Addresses 314–317.
90. Churchill, Grand Alliance 444.
91. FDR, Message to Congress, July 21, 1941, “Extension of Selective Service,” 10 Public Papers and Addresses 272–277.
92. Gallup Poll, August 6, 1941, The Gallup Poll 291–292.
93. D. B. Hardeman and Donald C. Bacon, Rayburn: A Biography 262–270 (Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1987). For the House roll call, see The New York Times, August 13, 1941. The Senate roll calls are in ibid., August 8, August 15, 1941.
94. “Fireside Chat,” September 11, 1941, 10 Public Papers and Addresses 384–392.
95. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 497–498.
96. The advice of the Catholic prelates is in an August 25, 1941, letter from Sumner Welles to FDR. Also see Myron C. Taylor to FDR, August 30, 1941, FDRL.
97. FDR to Pius XII, September 3, 1941, in Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII 61–62, Myron C. Taylor, ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1947).
98. Pius XII to FDR, September 20, 1941, ibid. 63–64.
99. Paragraph 24, Divini redemptoris, Encyclical of Pope Pius XI on Atheistic Communism.
100. Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War 793–797.
101. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time 270–273.
102. Reilly and Slocum, Reilly of the White House 83–85.
103. Geoffrey C. Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt 5–9 (New York: Harper & Row, 1989).
TWENTY-THREE | Day of Infamy
The epigraph is from FDR’s address to a Joint Session of Congress, December 8, 1941, requesting a declaration of war against Japan. 10 Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt 514–515, Samuel I. Rosenman, ed. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950).
1. Marshall, memorandum to the President, April 24, 1941, in U.S. Congress, 79th Cong., 2d Sess., 15 Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack 1635 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946). In Marshall’s words, “[E]nemy carriers, naval escorts and transports will begin to come under attack at a distance of approximately 750 miles. This attack will increase in intensity until when within 200 miles of the objective, the enemy forces will be subject to attack by all types of bombardment closely supported by our most modern pursuit [planes].”
2. Grant to Adam Badeau, August 1, August 25, 1879, quoted in Badeau, Grant in Peace: From Appomattox to Mount McGregor 517–519 (Hartford, Conn.: Scranton, 1887). Grant’s reference to twelve years pertains to the overthrow of Japanese feudalism and the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
3. Ibid. 319–321. Also see Jean Edward Smith, Grant 612–615 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001).
4. David Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 500–501 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
5. TR received the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. For the text of the Treaty of Portsmouth, August