FDR - Jean Edward Smith [491]
30. De Witt to War Department, February 13, 1942, quoted in Carey McWilliams, Prejudice: Japanese Americans 109 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1944).
31. Quoted in Goodwin, No Ordinary Time 321.
32. Richard Lingeman, Don’t You Know There’s a War On? 337 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1970).
33. Peter Irons, Justice at War 39–40 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).
34. The New York Times, January 25, 1942.
35. New York Herald Tribune, February 12, 1942.
36. Times-Herald (Washington, D.C.), February 16, 1942.
37. Stimson diary (MS), February 10, 1942, Yale University. “The second generation Japanese can only be evacuated as part of a total evacuation, or by frankly trying to put them out on the ground that their racial characteristics are such that we cannot understand or trust even the citizen Japanese. This latter is the fact but I am afraid it will make a tremendous hole in our constitutional system.”
38. Kai Bird, The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment 149–150 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
39. Said De Witt, “The Japanese race is an enemy race and while many second and third generation Japanese born on United States soil have become Americanized, the racial strain is undiluted.” De Witt to War Department, February 14, 1942, in Davis, F.D.R.: The War President 423n.
40. Quoted in Irons, Justice at War 61. Also see Robinson, By Order of the President 105; Bird, The Chairman 153.
41. Stimson diary (MS), February 11, 1942, Yale University.
42. Stetson Conn, “The Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast,” 143, in Kent Roberts Greenfield, ed., Command Decisions (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960).
43. Bird, The Chairman 154.
44. Biddle, In Brief Authority 219.
45. Frank S. Arnold, Michael C. Barth, and Gilah Langer, “Economic Losses of Ethnic Japanese as a Result of Exclusion and Detention, 1942–1946,” quoted in Robinson, By Order of the President 144.
46. Morgenthau diaries (MS), March 5, 1942, FDRL.
47. Quoted in Goodwin, No Ordinary Time 322.
48. Biddle, In Brief Authority 219. The case contra is argued by Michelle Malkin, In Defense of Internment (Chicago: Regnery, 2004).
49. This narrative is based on General Arnold’s letter to Judge Rosenman describing the raid in 11 Public Papers and Addresses 214–216. For Admiral King’s version, see Ernest J. King and Walter Muir Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record 375–376 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1952). Above all, see Quentin Reynolds’s elegant The Amazing Mr. Doolittle 168–223 (New York: Arno Press, 1953).
50. Roosevelt liked the term so much that he named the presidential Catoctin Mountain retreat Shangri-la (Eisenhower re-christened it “Camp David” in honor of his grandson), and toward the end of the war a Navy carrier was also named Shangri-la.
51. Stimson diary (MS), April 18, 1942.
52. Edmund L. Castillo, Flat-tops: The Story of Aircraft Carriers 86 (New York: Random House, 1969); Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan 648 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000).
53. Murray and Millett, A War to Be Won 273–278.
54. For Molotov’s travel accoutrements, see Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember 250–251 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949). For Molotov’s secretaries, see Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 560. “I went in for a moment to talk to him [before going to bed]’ ” wrote Hopkins, “and he asked that one of the girls he brought over as secretaries be permitted to come [to his room] and that has been arranged.”
55. Geoffrey C. Ward, ed., Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley 159 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995).
56. Memorandum of conversation, May 30, 1942, recorded by Professor Samuel H. Cross, in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 561–563.
57. FDR to Marshall