FDR - Jean Edward Smith [492]
58. Cross memorandum, in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 563.
59. FDR to WSC, May 31, June 6, 1942, 1 Churchill and Roosevelt: Their Complete Correspondence 503–504, 508 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984). “The Molotov visit went off well,” Hopkins wrote Churchill. “I liked him much better than I did in Moscow. Perhaps it was because he wasn’t under the influence of ‘Uncle Joe.’ At any rate, he and the President had very direct and straightforward conferences.” Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 580.
60. Winston S. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate 338 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950).
61. William D. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R. 67 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1958); Hastings Ismay, The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay 256 (New York: Viking, 1960).
62. Stimson diary (MS), June 20, 1942, Yale University. General Marshall said, “We were largely trying to get the President to stand pat on what he had previously agreed to. The President shifted, particularly when Churchill got hold of him.… The President was always willing to do any sideshow and Churchill was always prodding him.” Forrest C. Pogue, 2 George C. Marshall 329 (New York: Viking, 1965).
63. WSC to FDR, June 20, 1942, quoted in Hinge of Fate 381–382.
64. WSC to FDR, July 8, 1942, Churchill & Roosevelt 520–521.
65. “It looks as if the President is going to jump the traces,” Stimson recorded in his diary on June 17, 1942. “He wants to take up the case of GYMNAST [the North African invasion] again, thinking that he can bring additional pressure to save Russia.”
66. Mark A. Stoler, The Politics of the Second Front: American Military Planning and Diplomacy in Coalition Warfare, 1941–1943 55 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977).
67. Quoted in Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War 425 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947).
68. FDR to Hopkins, Marshall, and King, July 16, 1942, in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 603–605.
69. Forrest Pogue interview with General Marshall, November 15, 1956, quoted in Pogue, 2 Marshall 330.
70. Stimson diary (MS), September 17, 1942. Marshall said, “A failure [of a cross-channel attack], for which the public has been adequately prepared, could have been accepted. But failure in TORCH would bring only ridicule and loss of confidence.” 38th Mtg, CCS, August 28, 1942, quoted in Pogue, 2 Marshall 403.
71. WSC to FDR, July 31, 1942, quoted in Churchill, Hinge of Fate 450. Also see B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War 312 (London: Cassell, 1970). Marshall chose Eisenhower ahead of 366 general officers who were more senior.
72. FDR to WSC, July 29, 1942, 1 Churchill & Roosevelt 545–546.
73. WSC to FDR, August 13, 1942, ibid. 560–562.
74. WSC to FDR, August 18, 1942, ibid. 571–572.
75. Quoted in Liddell Hart, Second World War 314.
76. WSC to FDR, August 27, 1942, 1 Churchill & Roosevelt 577–579.
77. Marshall’s draft (August 29, 1942) is in ibid. 571–582. FDR’s cable of August 30, 1942, ibid. 583–584.
78. FDR to WSC, September 4, 1942, ibid. 590–591.
79. WSC to FDR, September 5, 1942, ibid. 591–592.
80. Eisenhower’s remark is quoted in Arthur L. Funk, The Politics of Torch 100 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1974).
81. Churchill’s rejoinder was September 6. 1 Churchill & Roosevelt 592.
82. FDR, Broadcast to the French People, November 7, 1942, 11 Public Papers and Addresses 451–452.
83. Roosevelt’s letters to the heads of state were delivered by the respective American ambassadors when the invasion commenced. Ibid. 458–459.
84. Franco’s reply, November 13, 1942, is in ibid. 459.
85. For details of the attempted German seizure of the fleet and the French response, see Rear Admiral Paul Auphan and Jacques Mordal, The French Navy in World War II 255–271 (Annapolis, Md.: United States Naval Institute, 1959).
86. The cross-Channel attack, Eisenhower told the War Department’s Major General Thomas T. Handy, “could not possibly be staged before August of 1944, because our original