FDR - Jean Edward Smith [493]
87. Under Pétain, “Work, Family, Country” replaced the republican motto “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” at Vichy. As one leading supporter of Pétain said in 1940, “Parliamentary democracy has lost the war. It must disappear and give place to a hierarchical authoritarian regime, national and social.” R. Aron, Histoire de Vichy, 1940–1944 130 (Paris: Fayard, 1954).
88. Charles de Gaulle, 2 War Memoirs 88–89 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1956).
89. Transcript of Press Conference, January 24, 1943, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, Conferences in Washington and Casablanca 727 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968).
90. Ibid. 635, 726–729, 833–837, 847–849; Churchill, Hinge of Fate 595–600; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 695–696. Churchill’s message to the war cabinet is in Premier Files, 3, 1972 Public Records Office, London.
91. Paul Kecskemeti, Strategic Surrender: The Politics of Victory and Defeat 122 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958). Cf., Anne Armstrong, Unconditional Surrender: The Impact of the Casablanca Policy upon World War II 48–50 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1961).
92. Kenneth Pender, Adventure in Diplomacy: Our French Dilemma 152 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1945). Pender was American vice consul in Marrakech and accompanied Churchill to the airport.
TWENTY-FIVE | D-Day
The epigraph is from FDR’s D-Day prayer delivered to the nation June 6, 1944. 13 Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Samuel I. Rosenman, ed. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950).
1. FDR to ER, January 29, 1943, FDRL.
2. ER to FDR, January 28, 1943, FDRL.
3. Frankfurter to FDR, Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1928–1945 329 Max Freedman, ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967).
4. Quoted in B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War 388 (London: Cassell, 1970).
5. WSC to FDR, March 18, 1943, 2 Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence 158, Warren F. Kimball, ed. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984).
6. FDR to WSC, March 20, 1943, ibid. 164–165.
7. David Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 589 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Also see Letter, President to COMINCH, 18 March 1943, FDRL.
8. John Keegan, The Second World War 120 (New York: Viking, 1989).
9. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 590.
10. 7 Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963 6831, Robert Rhodes James, ed. (London: Chelsea House, 1974).
11. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 648–649.
12. Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life 116 (New York: Henry Holt, 1990).
13. Ibid. 156–157.
14. Winston S. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate 795–796 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950); Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 729 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948).
15. Churchill, Hinge of Fate 797; Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills 483, Mary Soames, ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999).
16. Churchill, Hinge of Fate 798.
17. WSC to Clementine Churchill, May 28, 1943, in Personal Letters of the Churchills 483.
18. James F. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime 155 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958).
19. 12 Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt 327, Samuel I. Rosenman, ed. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1943).
20. FDR to WSC, July 25, 1943, 2 Churchill & Roosevelt 347.
21. Press Conference 912, July 30, 1943, 22 Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt 50 (New York: Da Capo, 1972).
22. WSC to FDR, July 31, 1943, ibid. 369.
23. Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” August 16, 1943.
24. Geoffrey Ward, ed., Closest Companion 230–231 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995).
25. Forrest C. Pogue, 3 George C. Marshall 261–262 (New York: Viking, 1973); Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 758; Winston S. Churchill, Closing the Ring 85 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951).
26. Frances Perkins interview, Columbia Oral History Project,